Mercury Exposure, Fish Consumption, and Perceived Risk among Pregnant Women in Coastal Florida
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Questionnaire
2.3. Hair Mercury Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Population
3.2. Hair Mercury Concentrations
3.3. Seafood Consumption
3.4. Knowledge and Behavior
3.5. Multivariate Model
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Demographic | Percentile | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | Mean ± SD | Median | 75th | 90th | 95th | p-Value ** | |
* Age | 0.14 | ||||||
18–22 | 31 (13.9%) | 0.18 ± 0.42 | 0.08 | 0.16 | 0.42 | 1.49 | |
23–27 | 61 (27.4%) | 0.28 ± 0.61 | 0.12 | 0.26 | 0.72 | 1.15 | |
28–32 | 66 (29.6%) | 0.33 ± 0.50 | 0.13 | 0.44 | 0.92 | 1.25 | |
33–44 | 65 (29.1%) | 0.42 ± 0.58 | 0.17 | 0.43 | 4.44 | 1.67 | |
Race | <0.01 | ||||||
Caucasian | 108 (47.2) | 0.29 ± 0.51 | 0.10 | 0.36 | 0.92 | 1.27 | |
Latina | 49 (21.4) | 0.24 ± 0.43 | 0.11 | 0.27 | 0.67 | 1.45 | |
African-American | 61 (26.6) | 0.31 ± 0.43 | 0.12 | 0.44 | 1.13 | 1.4 | |
Asian/Pacific Islander | 7 (3.1) | 1.18 ± 1.50 | 0.62 | 1.65 | - | - | |
Other | 4 (1.7) | 0.17 ± 0.08 | 0.14 | 0.25 | - | - | |
Level of Education | <0.01 | ||||||
Less than high school | 33 (14.4) | 0.15 ± 0.31 | 0.05 | 0.15 | 0.41 | 1.13 | |
Graduated from high school | 60 (26.3) | 0.22 ± 0.39 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.72 | 1.21 | |
Some college | 80 (35.0) | 0.32 ± 0.63 | 0.13 | 0.33 | 0.89 | 1.34 | |
Graduated from college/post-graduate | 55 (24.1) | 0.51 ± 0.60 | 0.30 | 0.67 | 1.44 | 1.89 | |
County of Residence | 0.01 | ||||||
Brevard | 26 (11.9) | 0.38 ± 0.64 | 0.14 | 0.49 | 1.23 | 2.39 | |
Indian River | 5 (2.3) | 0.21 ± 0.24 | 0.14 | 0.41 | - | - | |
St. Lucie | 130 (59.9) | 0.27 ± 0.45 | 0.12 | 0.28 | 0.90 | 1.28 | |
Martin | 21 (9.6) | 0.16 ± 0.27 | 0.05 | 0.28 | 0.61 | 1.02 | |
Palm Beach | 20 (9.2) | 0.36 ± 1.00 | 0.36 | 0.81 | 1.91 | 4.25 | |
Other | 15 (6.9) | 0.24 ± 0.32 | 0.11 | 0.16 | 0.95 | - | |
* Number of Pregnancies | 0.23 | ||||||
1 | 55 (24.2) | 0.36 ± 0.51 | 0.14 | 0.50 | 1.04 | 1.89 | |
2 | 60 (26.4) | 0.39 ± 0.78 | 0.14 | 0.34 | 0.93 | 2.74 | |
3 | 34 (15.0) | 0.34 ± 0.51 | 0.10 | 0.41 | 1.37 | 1.66 | |
4+ | 78 (34.4) | 0.22 ± 0.30 | 0.12 | 0.22 | 0.62 | 0.95 | |
Number of Children | 0.07 | ||||||
0 | 73 (32.3) | 0.40 ± 0.56 | 0.15 | 0.51 | 1.05 | 1.90 | |
1 | 68 (30.1) | 0.38 ± 0.70 | 0.14 | 0.36 | 0.87 | 1.64 | |
2 | 40 (17.7) | 0.23 ± 0.39 | 0.09 | 0.24 | 0.92 | 1.35 | |
3+ | 45 (19.9) | 0.17 ± 0.27 | 0.09 | 0.19 | 0.41 | 0.85 | |
Number of Weeks Pregnant | 0.80 | ||||||
0–24 | 77 (33.6) | 0.34 ± 0.64 | 0.16 | 0.37 | 0.93 | 1.18 | |
25–32 | 77 (33.6) | 0.29 ± 0.48 | 0.10 | 0.28 | 1.21 | 1.61 | |
33 or more | 75 (32.8) | 0.30 ± 0.50 | 0.13 | 0.35 | 0.88 | 1.36 |
Consumption | n (%) | Mean ± SD * | Median | 75th | 90th | 95th | p-Value ** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seafood consumption in the last 3 months | 0.02 | ||||||
Once a day or more | 16 (7.0) | 0.41 ± 0.74 | 0.12 | 0.47 | 1.62 | - | |
Three times a week | 22 (9.6) | 0.62 ± 0.53 | 0.49 | 1.18 | 1.37 | 1.63 | |
Once a week | 43 (18.9) | 0.36 ± 0.73 | 0.14 | 0.30 | 0.96 | 1.65 | |
Once a month | 108 (47.4) | 0.27 ± 0.47 | 0.11 | 0.32 | 0.74 | 1.23 | |
Never | 39 (17.1) | 0.16 ± 0.31 | 0.01 | 0.19 | 0.42 | 0.94 | |
IRL seafood consumption in the last 3 months | <0.01 | ||||||
> Once a week | 14 (6.1) | 0.29 ± 0.40 | 0.90 | 0.50 | 1.12 | - | |
Once a week or less | 7 (3.1) | 0.53 ± 1.1 | 0.11 | 0.36 | - | - | |
Never | 167 (73.2) | 0.30 ± 0.53 | 0.13 | 0.32 | 0.86 | 1.30 | |
Fish Sources | 0.81 | ||||||
Half or more caught by you or given to you | 13 (5.7) | 0.36 ± 0.49 | 0.14 | 0.55 | 1.40 | - | |
All or most bought from store or restaurant | 149 (65.1) | 0.40 ± 0.62 | 0.16 | 0.44 | 1.07 | 1.67 | |
Shellfish Sources | 0.27 | ||||||
All or most caught by you or given to you | 4 (1.7) | 0.45 ± 0.77 | 0.10 | 1.24 | - | - | |
All or most bought from store or restaurant | 156 (68.1) | 0.35 ± 0.60 | 0.14 | 0.36 | 0.97 | 1.66 |
Response | n (%) | Mean ± SD * | p-Value ** |
---|---|---|---|
Aware that high levels of Hg may be harmful to unborn children: | 0.39 | ||
Yes | 195 (85.5) | 0.29 ± 0.48 | |
No | 33 (14.5) | 0.41 ± 0.81 | |
Aware that some fish can contain high levels of Hg: | 0.06 | ||
Yes | 203 (89.0) | 0.29 ± 0.47 | |
No | 25 (11.0) | 0.50 ± 0.92 | |
Stopped smoking | 0.21 | ||
Yes | 46 (59.0) | 0.14 ± 0.23 | |
No | 32 (41.0) | 0.41 ± 0.63 | |
Stopped drinking alcohol | 0.01 | ||
Yes | 118 (92.9) | 0.31 ± 0.47 | |
No | 9 (7.1) | 0.66 ± 1.0 | |
Reduced fish and shellfish consumption | 0.19 | ||
Yes | 105 (51.7) | 0.38 ± 0.53 | |
No | 98 (48.3) | 0.29 ± 0.61 | |
Stopped fish and shellfish consumption | 0.55 | ||
Yes | 19 (9.7) | 0.18 ± 0.24 | |
No | 176 (90.3) | 0.33 ± 0.56 |
Tertile THg | 00–0.063 µg/g n = 76 | 0.064–0.229 µg/g n = 77 | >0.230 µg/g n = 76 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
aOR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | |
Race | ||||||
Caucasian | 1.0 | - | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Latina | 1.0 | - | 2.48 | 0.98, 6.26 | 1.50 | 0.52, 4.27 |
African-American | 1.0 | - | 1.24 | 0.50, 3.06 | 2.03 | 0.77, 5.36 |
Asian | 1.0 | - | - | - | 5.54 | 0.52, 59.15 |
Level of Education | ||||||
<High school | 1.0 | - | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Graduated from high school | 1.0 | - | 2.77 | 0.85, 9.07 | 1.14 | 0.30, 4.32 |
Some college | 1.0 | - | 5.75 | 1.73, 19.13 | 4.49 | 1.22, 16.49 |
Graduated from college/post-graduate | 1.0 | - | 5.64 | 1.45, 21.83 | 11.11 | 2.79, 44.24 |
Number of Children | ||||||
0 children | 1.0 | - | 0.70 | 0.25, 1.91 | 3.97 | 1.21, 12.98 |
1–2 children | 1.0 | - | 0.72 | 0.30, 1.72 | 2.29 | 0.77, 6.84 |
3+ children | 1.0 | - | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Seafood Consumption in Past 3 Months | ||||||
Never | 1.0 | - | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
≥Once a week | 1.0 | - | 2.09 | 0.75, 5.85 | 3.23 | 1.02, 10.19 |
<Once a week | 1.0 | - | 1.82 | 0.71, 4.65 | 2.01 | 0.67, 5.97 |
Aware that high levels of Hg may be harmful to unborn children | ||||||
No | 1.0 | - | 1.07 | 0.35, 3.27 | 2.76 | 0.91, 8.41 |
Yes | 1.0 | - | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
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Share and Cite
Schaefer, A.M.; Zoffer, M.; Yrastorza, L.; Pearlman, D.M.; Bossart, G.D.; Stoessel, R.; Reif, J.S. Mercury Exposure, Fish Consumption, and Perceived Risk among Pregnant Women in Coastal Florida. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4903. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16244903
Schaefer AM, Zoffer M, Yrastorza L, Pearlman DM, Bossart GD, Stoessel R, Reif JS. Mercury Exposure, Fish Consumption, and Perceived Risk among Pregnant Women in Coastal Florida. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(24):4903. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16244903
Chicago/Turabian StyleSchaefer, Adam M., Matthew Zoffer, Luke Yrastorza, Daniel M. Pearlman, Gregory D. Bossart, Ruel Stoessel, and John S. Reif. 2019. "Mercury Exposure, Fish Consumption, and Perceived Risk among Pregnant Women in Coastal Florida" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 24: 4903. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16244903