Polish Paralympic Sports in the Opinion of Athletes and Coaches in Retrospective Studies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Material
2.2. Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
THE UNIVERSITY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN KRAKOW |
SECTION OF DISABLED SPORTS |
FACULTY OF MOTOR REHABILITATION |
31-571 Kraków, Aleja Jana Pawła II 78, pawilon I pokój 310, Phone: (012) 683 10 40, |
e-mail: [email protected] |
Questionnaire form for female and male athletes of the national team |
THE PROCESS OF INTEGRATION OF POLISH ATHLETIC COMMUNITIES |
- 1.
- Are current disabled sports alienated from the athletic environmentof able-bodied athletes? (please underline and justify your choice)YES NOWhy?
- 2.
- Please specify(in points)the advantages of Polish disabled sports.
- 3.
- Please specify(in points)the major problems occurring in disabled sports in Poland.
- 4.
- What kind of support from the union/association for disabled athletes do you consider to be the most important?
- 5.
- Are Polish associations prepared in terms of knowledge to work with disabled athletes?(please underline and justify your choice)YES NOWhy?
- 6.
- Are Polish associations prepared organizationally to work with disabled athletes?(please underline and justify your choice)YES NOWhy?
- 7.
- Is the athletic training process that is implemented in the sports associations of individual sports different compared to other organisations dealing exclusively with disabled sports?(please underline your choice and list in points)YESWhat are the advantages?YESWhat are the disadvantages?NOWhy?
- 8.
- Are disabled athletes able to comply with the requirements of the training process in Polish sports associations?(please underline as appropriate)YES NO
- 9.
- As a national team member, I would like to practice:(please underline and justify your choice)
- (a)
- with coaches working in unions/associations for only the community of people with disabilitiesYES NOWhy?
- (b)
- coaches working in Polish sports associations for the community of athletes with disabilitiesYES NOWhy?
- 10.
- Are you familiar with the rights as a national team athlete?(please underline as appropriate)YES NO↓Please specify.
- 11.
- Does the male and female athletes from the national team have duties?(please underline as appropriate)YES NO↓
With relation to whom? (please underline as appropriate) | PLEASE SPECIFY. |
nion/association | |
sports club | |
coaches | |
other athletes | |
other persons (who?) |
RESPONDENT DATA |
Professional activity | Check with "X" |
Professionally active—working | |
Professionally active—unemployed (job seekers and people ready to take up a job) | |
Professionally inactive—not working | |
Professionally inactive—school students | |
Professionally inactive—university students |
Source of livelihood | Check with "X" |
Salary | |
Unemployment benefit | |
Retirement pension | |
Pension | |
Sports scholarship | |
Maintenance grant | |
Academic scholarship | |
Dependent on parents | |
Other (which?) |
Sports organization | Check with "X" |
CROSS—Association of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism of the Blind and Visually Impaired "CROSS" | |
ISRS CULANI—Integration Rehabilitation and Sports Association Culani | |
PZB—Polish Boccia Association | |
PZSN "Start"—Polish Sport Association for the Disabled "Start" | |
SPNON "Amp Football"—Amp Football Association for the Disabled | |
SSON—Disabled Sports Association | |
ZKF "OLIMP"—Physical Culture Association "Olimp" |
Polish sports union | Check with "X" |
PZBad— Polish Badminton Association | |
PZBil— Polish Billiard Association | |
PZJ—Polish Equestrian Federation | |
PZK—Polish Tenpin Bowling Federation | |
PZKaj—Polish Canoe Federation | |
PZKosz—Polish Basketball Association | |
PZŁUcz—Polish Archery Federation | |
PZT—Polish Tennis Association | |
PZTO—Polish Taekwondo Federation | |
PZTri—Polish Triathlon Union | |
PZTS—Polish Table Tennis Association | |
PZŻ—Polish Yachting Association |
Summer sport | Check with "X" |
Amputee football | |
Archery | |
Badminton | |
Beach volleyball | |
Blind football | |
Boccia | |
Bowling | |
Bowling | |
Canoeing | |
Chess | |
Draughts | |
Equestrian sports | |
Goalball | |
Handbike cycling | |
Rowing | |
Sailing | |
Shooting | |
Shooting sports | |
Showdown | |
Sitting volleyball | |
Swimming | |
Table tennis | |
Taekwondo | |
Tandem cycling | |
Track and field | |
Triathlon | |
Weightlifting | |
Wheelchair basketball | |
Wheelchair billiards | |
Wheelchair dancing | |
Wheelchair fencing | |
Wheelchair rugby | |
Wheelchair tennis |
Winter sport | Check with "X" |
Alpine skiing | |
Biathlon | |
Cross-country skiing | |
Sledge hockey | |
Snowboard | |
Wheelchair curling |
We would like to thank you for filling in the questionnaire. |
We wish you further sporting success, |
Yours Sincerely, |
Joanna Sobiecka, PhD |
The University of Physical Education in Krakow |
Al. Jana Pawła II 78, 31-571 Kraków |
e-mail: [email protected] |
Appendix B
THE UNIVERSITY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN KRAKOW |
SECTION OF DISABLED SPORTS |
FACULTY OF MOTOR REHABILITATION |
31-571 Kraków, Aleja Jana Pawła II 78, pawilon I pokój 310, Phone: (012) 683 10 40, |
e-mail: [email protected] |
Questionnaire form for coaches of the national team |
THE PROCESS OF INTEGRATION OF POLISH ATHLETIC COMMUNITIES |
- 1.
- Are current disabled sports alienated from the athletic environment of able-bodied athletes?(please underline and justify your choice)YES NOWhy?
- 2.
- Please specify(in points)the advantages of Polish disabled sports.
- 3.
- Please specify(in points)the major problems occurring in disabled sports in Poland.
- 4.
- What kind of support from the union/association for disabled athletes do you consider to be the most important?
- 5.
- Are Polish associations prepared in terms of knowledge to work with disabled athletes?(please underline and justify your choice)YES NOWhy?
- 6.
- Are Polish associations prepared organizationally to work with disabled athletes?(please underline and justify your choice)YES NOWhy?
- 7.
- Is the athletic training process that is implemented in the sports associations of individual sports different compared to other organisations dealing exclusively with disabled sports?(please underline your choice and list in points)YESWhat are the advantages?YESWhat are the disadvantages?NOWhy?
- 8.
- Are disabled athletes able to comply with the requirements of the training process in Polish sports associations?(please underline as appropriate)YES NO
RESPONDENT DATA |
- NOYES (Which?)
- NOYES (Which?)
Sports organization | Check with "X" |
CROSS—Association of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism of the Blind and Visually Impaired "CROSS" | |
ISRS CULANI—Integration Rehabilitation and Sports Association Culani | |
PZB—Polish Boccia Association | |
PZSN "Start"—Polish Sport Association for the Disabled Sports "Start" | |
SPNON "Amp Football"—Amp Football Association for the Disabled | |
SSON—Disabled Sports Association | |
ZKF "OLIMP"—Physical Culture Association "Olimp" |
Polish sports union | Check with "X" |
PZBad—Polish Badminton Association | |
PZBil—Polish Billiard Association | |
PZJ—Polish Equestrian Federation | |
PZK—Polish Tenpin Bowling Federation | |
PZKaj—Polish Canoe Federation | |
PZKosz—Polish Basketball Association | |
PZŁUcz—Polish Archery Federation | |
PZT—Polish Tennis Association | |
PZTO—Polish Taekwondo Federation | |
PZTri—Polish Triathlon Union | |
PZTS—Polish Table Tennis Association | |
PZŻ—Polish Yachting Association |
Summer sport | Check with "X" |
Amputee football | |
Archery | |
Badminton | |
Beach volleyball | |
Blind football | |
Boccia | |
Bowling | |
Bowling | |
Canoeing | |
Chess | |
Draughts | |
Equestrian sports | |
Goalball | |
Handbike cycling | |
Rowing | |
Sailing | |
Shooting | |
Shooting sports | |
Showdown | |
Sitting volleyball | |
Swimming | |
Table tennis | |
Taekwondo | |
Tandem cycling | |
Track and field | |
Triathlon | |
Weightlifting | |
Wheelchair basketball | |
Wheelchair billiards | |
Wheelchair dancing | |
Wheelchair fencing | |
Wheelchair rugby | |
Wheelchair tennis |
Winter sport | Check with "X" |
Alpine skiing | |
Biathlon | |
Cross-country skiing | |
Sledge hockey | |
Snowboard | |
Wheelchair curling |
We would like to thank you for filling in the questionnaire. |
We wish you further coaching achievements, |
Yours Sincerely, |
Joanna Sobiecka, PhD |
The University of Physical Education in Krakow |
Al. Jana Pawła II 78 |
31-571 Kraków |
e-mail: [email protected] |
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Limitations in Polish Paralympic Sports | Study Population | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Associations and Unions | Polish Sports Associations | Total | ||||
Athletes n = 324 | Coaches n = 88 | Athletes n = 146 | Coaches n = 23 | Athletes n = 470 | Coaches n = 111 | |
% | % | % | % | % | % | |
FINANCIAL SUPPORT ** (Athletes from Associations and Unions vs. athletes from Polish Sports Associations p = 0.000) | ||||||
Lack of regular financial support for the development of sports | 41.4 | 79.4 | 69.2 | 78.3 | 50.0 | 79.3 |
Inadequate or no financial support | 64.8 | 18.1 | 10.9 | 17.4 | 48.1 | 18.0 |
Ineffective financial policy | 6.2 | 64.8 | 4.1 | 56.5 | 5.5 | 63.1 |
Complicated procedures for obtaining financial support or reimbursement | 1.2 | 10.2 | 0.7 | 0 | 1.1 | 8.1 |
Lack of rules concerning remuneration of guides and pilots of blind athletes | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 0 | 1.1 | 0.9 |
MARKETING IN DISABLED SPORTS | ||||||
Difficulties in obtaining sponsors | 14.5 | 22.7 | 24.0 | 17.4 | 17.4 | 21.6 |
Lack of promotion; no recruitment of disabled children and teenagers; no cooperation of clubs with schools, occupational therapy workshops and training-education centres; lack of informative awareness-raising events for parents and legal custodians of disabled children and teenagers to promote disabled sports; lack of junior and youth national teams | 12.3 | 22.7 | 10.3 | 47.8 | 11.7 | 27.9 |
Lack of knowledge, interest and understanding of disabled sports in the society; lack of appreciation for achievements in disabled sports | 13.0 | 22.7 | 5.5 | 8.7 | 10.6 | 19.8 |
A small number of athletes training and competing is some sports and classes | 5.2 | 9.1 | 2.0 | 0 | 4.3 | 7.2 |
Limitations in Polish Paralympic Sports | Study Population | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Associations and Unions | Polish Sports Associations | Total | ||||
Athletes n = 324 | Coaches n = 88 | Athletes n = 146 | Coaches n = 23 | Athletes n = 470 | Coaches n = 111 | |
% | % | % | % | % | % | |
ORGANIZATION OF TRAINING AND COMPETITIONS ** (Athletes from Associations and Unions vs. athletes from Polish Sports Associations p = 0.02) | ||||||
Lack of information; lack of a recruitment system of disabled athletes | 49.1 | 56.8 | 27.4 | 60.8 | 42.3 | 57.6 |
A small number of competitions and training camps organised at different levels | 15.1 | 9.1 | 6.2 | 4.3 | 12.3 | 8.1 |
Inconvenient commuting for regular training, training camps and competitions | 7.1 | 2.3 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 8.9 | 4.5 |
A small number of athletes training and competing in some sports and competition classes | 5.3 | 0 | 0.7 | 0 | 3.8 | 0 |
Different performance levels among athletes within sections or clubs, limiting the possibility to obtain good results | 1.9 | 2.3 | 2.7 | 0 | 2.1 | 1.8 |
Unclear rules on athlete selection for the national team (including Paralympic games) | 1.2 | 0 | 1.4 | 4.3 | 1.3 | 0.9 |
Unprofessional organization of sports competitions | 0 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.9 |
Lack of a standardised training system for disabled athletes in associations and Polish Sports Associations | 0 | 1.1 | 0 | 8.7 | 0 | 2.7 |
COACHING AND SUPPORT PERSONNEL ** (Athletes from Associations and Unions vs. athletes from Polish SportsAssociations p = 0.002) | ||||||
No or limited access to professional personnel engaged in work with disabled athletes; a small number of competent coaches and Paralympic sports officials | 23.8 | 36.4 | 7.5 | 30.4 | 18.7 | 35.1 |
Lack of or insufficient number of volunteers and assistants helping during training and competitions | 4.0 | 5.7 | 3.4 | 4.3 | 3.8 | 5.4 |
Limitations in Polish Paralympic Sports | Study Population | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Associations and Unions | Polish Sports Associations | Total | ||||
Athletes n = 324 | Coaches n = 88 | Athletes n = 146 | Coaches n = 23 | Athletes n = 470 | Coaches n = 111 | |
% | % | % | % | % | % | |
UNDERSTANDING DISABLED SPORTS (INCLUDING WOMEN’S SPORT) ** (Athletes from Associations and Unions vs. athletes from Polish SportsAssociations p = 0.001; coaches from Associations and Unions vs. coaches from Polish SportsAssociations p = 0.011) | ||||||
Lack of knowledge, understanding and acceptance of disabled athletes in Polish Sport Associations; lack of appreciation of their sports achievements; lack of correct cooperation and communication between societies, clubs, coaches and athletes | 32.6 | 21.6 | 8.2 | 30.4 | 25.1 | 23.4 |
Lack of endorsement from individuals working in disabled sports institutions | 8.6 | 14.8 | 6.2 | 39.1 | 7.7 | 19.8 |
Low participation of women in sport | 0.3 | 0 | 0.7 | 0 | 0.4 | 0 |
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND COMPETENCE OF INDIVIDUALS INVOLVED IN DISABLED SPORTS | ||||||
A small number of disabled sports clubs and sections | 5.2 | 11.4 | 10.9 | 4.3 | 7.0 | 9.9 |
Ineffective structures within Polish disabled sports | 6.5 | 10.2 | 5.5 | 4.3 | 6.2 | 9.0 |
No cooperation between clubs, associations, Polish Sports Association for the Disabled "Start and Polish unions | 5.6 | 7.9 | 1.4 | 17.4 | 4.2 | 9.9 |
No coordinators supervising the cooperation between the management, coaches and disabled athletes in Polish Sports Associations | 0 | 2.3 | 1.4 | 0 | 0.4 | 1.8 |
No representatives of some Polish national societies and associations active in the management board of the Polish Paralympic Committee | 0 | 3.4 | 0 | 8.7 | 0 | 4.5 |
Limitations in Polish Paralympic Sports | Study Population | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Associations and Unions | Polish Sports Associations | Total | ||||
Athletes n = 324 | Coaches n = 88 | Athletes n = 146 | Coaches n = 23 | Athletes n = 470 | Coaches n = 111 | |
% | % | % | % | % | % | |
ACCESS TO SPORTS EQUIPMENT AND PERSONAL ORTHOPAEDIC SUPPLY FOR SPORTS ** (Athletes from Associations and Unions vs. athletes from Polish SportsAssociations p = 0.001) | ||||||
Limited access to highly specialised sports equipment | 20.4 | 20.4 | 15.1 | 26.1 | 18.7 | 21.6 |
Limited access to highly specialised personal orthopaedic supply for sports | 20.1 | 17.0 | 0 | 26.1 | 13.8 | 18.9 |
TRAINING SITE ** (Coaches fromAssociations and Unions vs. coaches from Polish SportsAssociationsp = 0.047) | ||||||
Lack of appropriately adapted training sites and accommodation, limited access to sports structures for the disabled | 18.2 | 52.3 | 19.2 | 26.1 | 18.5 | 46.8 |
Limitations in Polish Paralympic Sports | Study Population | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Associations and Unions | Polish Sports Associations | Total | ||||
Athletes n = 324 | Coaches n = 88 | Athletes n = 146 | Coaches n = 23 | Athletes n = 470 | Coaches n = 111 | |
% | % | % | % | % | % | |
MEDICAL CARE AND SUPPORT OF PSYCHOLOGISTS, DIETITIANS AND PHYSIOLOGISTS ** (Athletes from Associations and Unions vs. athletes from Polish SportsAssociations p = 0.004) | ||||||
Lack of systematic prophylaxis and appropriate regular medical care (physicians, physiotherapists, masseurs) | 13.0 | 21.6 | 3.4 | 13.0 | 10.0 | 19.8 |
No support from a psychologist | 5.6 | 6.8 | 3.4 | 17.4 | 4.9 | 9.0 |
No support from a dietitian | 1.9 | 2.3 | 0.7 | 0 | 1.5 | 1.8 |
No support from a physiologist | 0.6 | 1.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.4 | 0.9 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Sobiecka, J.; Plinta, R.; Kądziołka, M.; Gawroński, W.; Kruszelnicki, P.; Zwierzchowska, A. Polish Paralympic Sports in the Opinion of Athletes and Coaches in Retrospective Studies. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4927. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16244927
Sobiecka J, Plinta R, Kądziołka M, Gawroński W, Kruszelnicki P, Zwierzchowska A. Polish Paralympic Sports in the Opinion of Athletes and Coaches in Retrospective Studies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(24):4927. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16244927
Chicago/Turabian StyleSobiecka, Joanna, Ryszard Plinta, Marta Kądziołka, Wojciech Gawroński, Paweł Kruszelnicki, and Anna Zwierzchowska. 2019. "Polish Paralympic Sports in the Opinion of Athletes and Coaches in Retrospective Studies" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 24: 4927. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16244927