Physical Fighting among School-Attending Adolescents in Pakistan: Associated Factors and Contextual Influences
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Sample
2.2. Dependent Variable
2.3. Independent Variables
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Survey Question | Coding | Variable |
---|---|---|
Individual level variables | ||
How old are you | 11–17 years (coded categorically) | Age |
What is your sex? | Male (1); Female (0) | Sex |
During the past 12 months, how often have you been so worried about something that you could not sleep at night? | Most of the time/always (1); Never/rarely/sometimes (0) | Anxiety |
During the past 12 months, did you make a plan about how you would attempt suicide? | Yes (1); No (0) | Suicide Plan |
During the past 12 months, how often have you felt lonely? | Most of the time/always (1); Never/rarely/sometimes (0) | Loneliness |
During the past 30 days, how many days did you miss classes or school without permission? | 0–2 times (0); 3 to or more days (1) | Truancy |
During the past 30 days, on how many days | 0 times (0); 1 or more times (1) | Bullying victimization |
During the past 7 days, on how many days were you physically active for a total of at least 60 min per day? | 3 days or less (0); 4 days or more (1) | Physical activity |
How much time do you spend during a typical or usual day sitting and watching television, playing computer games, talking with friends, or doing other sitting activities? | 2 h or less (0); 3 h or more (1) | Sedentary |
During the past 12 months, how many times were you in a physical fight? | 0–1 times (0) 2 or more times (1) | In a fight |
Social level variables | ||
During the past 30 days, how often did your parents or guardians understand your problems and worries? | Most of the time/always (1); Never/rarely/sometimes (0) | Supportive parental figures |
During the past 30 days, how often were most of the students in your school kind and helpful? | Always (1); Most of the time/Never/rarely/sometimes (0) | Helpful peers |
How many close friends do you have? | 0 close friends (0); 1 close friends (1); 2 close friends (2); 3+ close friends (3) | Close friends |
During the past 30 days, how often did you go hungry because there was not enough food in your home? | Most of the time/always (1); Never/rarely/sometimes (0) | Food insecurity |
Survey Question | Coding | Variable | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Physical Fight = no (n = 4053 *) | Physical Fight = yes (n = 1107 *) | p-Value | Chi-Square F/t-Value |
Age-mean (SD) | 14.1 (0.85) | 14.2 (0.93) | 0.242 | 1.20 |
Sex (Male) | 56.6 | 79.9 | <0.001 | 36.395 |
Anxiety | 7.4 | 12.6 | 0.001 | 13.271 |
Suicide Plan | 6.2 | 12.8 | <0.001 | 50.099 |
Loneliness | 10.9 | 17.6 | <0.001 | 17.260 |
Truancy | 5.1 | 10.4 | <0.001 | 25.898 |
Bullying Victimization | 10.8 | 32.5 | <0.001 | 86.111 |
Physical activity | 17.3 | 23.3 | 0.060 | 3.917 |
Sedentary | 7.0 | 13.0 | <0.000 | 26.005 |
Supportive parental figures | 41.1 | 33.2 | 0.020 | 6.271 |
Helpful peers | 24.8 | 18.4 | 0.023 | 5.937 |
Social network | ||||
0 close friends | 8.2 | 7.1 | <0.001 | 9.821 |
1 close friend | 28.4 | 19.9 | ||
2 close friends | 23.9 | 22.9 | ||
3+ close friends | 39.5 | 50.2 | ||
Food insecurity | 5.8 | 5.6 | 0.849 | 0.037 |
Variable | Male | Female | p-Value | Chi-Square F/t-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (mean) | 14.2 (0.95) | 14.1 (0.70) | 0.102 | 1.70 |
Physical Fight | 25.5 | 9.9 | <0.001 | 36.395 |
Anxiety | 8.1 | 8.9 | 0.667 | 0.190 |
Suicide Plan | 7.6 | 7.4 | 0.900 | 0.016 |
Loneliness | 11.5 | 13.3 | 0.329 | 0.997 |
Truancy | 7.9 | 3.4 | 0.007 | 8.893 |
Bullying Victimization | 18.0 | 10.1 | 0.667 | 3.657 |
Physical activity | 20.9 | 14.6 | 0.245 | 1.425 |
Sedentary | 8.9 | 6.9 | 0.235 | 1.490 |
Supportive parental figures | 33.3 | 49.4 | <0.001 | 14.740 |
Helpful peers | 22.6 | 24.9 | 0.536 | 0.395 |
Social network | ||||
0 close friends | 7.1 | 9.5 | 0.001 | 8.007 |
1 close friend | 24.0 | 31.1 | ||
2 close friends | 23.2 | 24.6 | ||
3+ close friends | 45.8 | 34.8 | ||
Food insecurity | 6.6 | 4.6 | 0.148 | 2.245 |
Variable | OR | 95% CI (99% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age | 1.11 | 0.93–1.33 (0.87–1.42) | 0.233 |
Sex | 3.05 | 2.05–4.53 (1.78–5.23) | <0.001 |
Anxiety | 1.87 | 1.37–2.56 (1.23–2.86) | <0.001 |
Suicide Plan | 2.28 | 1.79–2.90 (1.65–3.16) | <0.001 |
Loneliness | 1.85 | 1.38–2.48 (1.24–2.75) | <0.001 |
Truancy | 1.87 | 1.41–2.48 (1.27–2.74) | <0.001 |
Bullying Victimization | 3.65 | 2.73–4.88 (2.46–5.42) | <0.001 |
Sedentary | 1.91 | 1.35–2.71 (1.20–3.07) | 0.001 |
Supportive parental figures | 0.82 | 0.65–1.04 (0.60–1.13) | 0.97 |
Helpful peers | 0.69 | 0.50–0.97 (0.44–1.09) | 0.034 |
Social network | |||
0 close friends | 0.77 | 0.51–1.16 (0.44–1.35) | 0.204 |
1 close friends | 0.62 | 0.50–0.77 (0.46–0.83) | <0.001 |
2 close friends | 0.81 | 0.66–0.98 (0.62–1.06) | 0.036 |
3+ close friends | – | – | – |
Variable | OR | 95% CI (99% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | 2.78 | 2.04–3.78 (1.83–4.23) | <0.001 |
Anxiety | 1.36 | 0.95–1.94 (0.84–2.20) | 0.087 |
Suicide Plan | 1.75 | 1.31–2.33 (1.19–2.58) | 0.001 |
Loneliness | 1.44 | 1.09–1.89 (0.99–2.08) | 0.011 |
Truancy | 1.63 | 1.26–2.12 (1.15–2.33) | 0.001 |
Bullying Victimization | 3.14 | 2.32–4.25 (2.08–4.74) | <0.001 |
Sedentary | 1.44 | 0.97–2.14 (0.84–2.46) | 0.067 |
Supportive parental figures | 0.91 | 0.71–1.18 (0.64–1.30) | 0.467 |
Helpful peers | 0.71 | 0.50–1.01 (0.44–1.140) | 0.054 |
Social network | |||
0 close friends | 0.65 | 0.44–0.95 (0.38–1.10) | 0.029 |
1 close friends | 0.60 | 0.47–0.78 (0.43–0.85) | <0.001 |
2 close friends | 0.81 | 0.66–0.98 (0.62–1.05) | 0.034 |
3+ close friends | – | – | – |
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Shaikh, M.A.; Abio, A.; Celedonia, K.L.; Lowery Wilson, M. Physical Fighting among School-Attending Adolescents in Pakistan: Associated Factors and Contextual Influences. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 5039. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245039
Shaikh MA, Abio A, Celedonia KL, Lowery Wilson M. Physical Fighting among School-Attending Adolescents in Pakistan: Associated Factors and Contextual Influences. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(24):5039. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245039
Chicago/Turabian StyleShaikh, Masood Ali, Anne Abio, Karen L. Celedonia, and Michael Lowery Wilson. 2019. "Physical Fighting among School-Attending Adolescents in Pakistan: Associated Factors and Contextual Influences" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 24: 5039. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245039