Farmer Burnout in Canada
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Questionnaire
2.3. Sample Size
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Exhaustion
4.2. Cynicism
4.3. Professional Efficacy
4.4. Profiles
4.5. Gender Differences in Burnout
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Study Sample | 2016 Census |
---|---|---|
Farm Type | N = 1075 # (%) | N = 193,492 # (%) |
Dairy cattle | 387 (36.0) | 10,525 (5.4) |
Beef cattle | 233 (21.7) | 36,013 (18.6) |
Pigs | 118 (10.9) | 3305 (1.7) |
Broiler chicken | 111 (10.3) | 2175 (1.1) |
Layer chicken | 89 (8.3) | 2008 (1.0) |
Turkeys | 35 (3.3) | 294 (0.15) |
Sheep (meat and dairy combined) | 108 (10.0) | 2189 (1.1) |
Goat (meat and dairy combined) | 35 (3.2) | 867 (0.44) |
Other animal | 42 a (3.9) | 18,143 b (9.4) |
Crops | 671 (62.4) | 90,011 (46.5) |
Horticulture | 49 (4.6) | 20,547 (10.6) |
Other farming c | 19 (1.8) | 7415 (3.8) |
Number of farmers by province | N = 1075 # (%) | N = 271,935 # (%) |
Ontario | 774 (72.0) | 70,470 (25.9) |
Alberta | 97 (9.0) | 41,995 (15.4) |
British Columbia | 58 (5.4) | 4630 (1.7) |
Manitoba | 51 (4.7) | 3005 (1.1) |
Saskatchewan | 49 (4.6) | 500 (0.2) |
New Brunswick | 16 (1.5) | 20,140 (7.4) |
Nova Scotia | 12 (1.1) | 45,350 (16.7) |
Quebec | 10 (0.9) | 57,605 (21.1) |
Newfoundland and Labrador | 5 (0.5) | 26,430 (9.7) |
Prince Edward Island | 3 (0.3) | 1810 (0.7) |
n | Mean (SD a) | Median (IQR b) | |
---|---|---|---|
Exhaustion subscale (Cronbach-alpha: 0.93) | |||
Total | 1075 | 2.68 (1.63) | 2.6 (1.2–4.0) |
Male | 670 | 2.57 (1.63) | 2.4 (1.2–3.8) |
Female | 290 | 2.91 (1.63) | 2.8 (1.4–4.2) |
Gender not reported c | 115 | 2.72 (1.58) | 2.6 (1.4–4.2) |
Cynicism subscale (Cronbach-alpha: 0.84) | |||
Total | 1005 | 2.12 (1.47) | 1.8 (1.0–3.2) |
Male | 647 | 2.06 (1.42) | 1.8 (1.0–3.0) |
Female | 287 | 2.27 (1.50) | 2.0 (1.2–3.4) |
Gender not reported c | 71 | 2.05 (1.75) | 1.4 (0.8–3) |
Professional efficacy subscale (Cronbach-alpha: 0.82) | |||
Total | 1008 | 4.85 (1.01) | 5.2 (4.3–5.7) |
Male | 651 | 4.88 (0.98) | 5.0 (4.3–5.7) |
Female | 288 | 4.75 (1.08) | 5.2 (4.0–5.8) |
Gender not reported c | 69 | 4.87 (1.10) | 5.3 (4.0–5.8) |
Exhaustion model (n = 895) | Beta coefficient | 95% CI | p-value |
Main effects: | |||
Age a | −0.08 | −0.12, −0.05 | <0.001 |
Gender a,b (Referent: male) | −2.81 | −5.86, 0.23 | 0.070 |
Financial stress b (Referent: no stress) | 1.63 | 0.45, 2.81 | 0.007 |
Dissatisfaction with friend support b (Referent: satisfaction) | −6.41 | −11.66, −1.16 | 0.017 |
Dissatisfaction with industry support b (Referent: satisfaction) | 2.63 | 1.38, 3.87 | <0.001 |
Previous self-reported history of mental illness (Referent: no illness) | 1.39 | 0.47, 2.31 | 0.003 |
Dairy cattle farmer b (Referent: not dairy farmer) | −0.01 | −2.25, 2.22 | 0.992 |
Fair self-rated health b (Referent: excellent) | 3.05 | 1.22, 4.88 | 0.001 |
Alberta (Referent: Ontario) | −1.73 | −3.08, −0.39 | 0.012 |
Cynicism score | 0.60 | 0.55, 0.66 | <0.001 |
Interaction terms: | |||
Age x Gender interaction a | 0.09 | 0.03, 0.15 | 0.005 |
Financial stress x Satisfaction with friend support interaction b | 8.64 | 3.21, 14.08 | 0.002 |
Gender x Satisfaction with industry support interaction | −2.62 | −4.59, −0.65 | 0.009 |
Self-rated health (fair) x Dairy cattle farmer interaction | 3.68 | 0.55, 6.80 | 0.021 |
Cynicism model (n = 876) | |||
Main effects: | |||
Age c | 0.14 | 0.06, 0.23 | 0.001 |
Gender b (Referent: male) | −0.77 | −1.68, 0.14 | 0.095 |
Dairy cattle farmer b (Referent: not dairy farmer) | −1.37 | −2.22, −0.52 | 0.002 |
Married c (Referent: single) | 2.22 | −1.50, 5.95 | 0.241 |
Dissatisfaction with support from industry (Referent: satisfaction) | 1.40 | 0.50, 2.29 | 0.002 |
Exhaustion score | 0.74 | 0.55, 0.94 | <0.001 |
Professional efficacy score | −0.17 | −0.29, −0.06 | 0.002 |
Interaction terms: | |||
Female gender x Dairy farmer interaction | 1.83 | 0.20, 3.46 | 0.027 |
Age x Married interaction | −0.10 | −0.19, −0.01 | 0.034 |
Professional efficacy model d (n = 911) | Odds ratio | 95% CI | p-value |
Age | 0.99 | 0.98, 1.00 | 0.023 |
Gender (Referent: male) | 1.10 | 0.82, 1.48 | 0.538 |
Dissatisfaction with support from spouse/romantic partner (Referent: satisfaction) | 0.54 | 0.31, 0.95 | 0.033 |
Dissatisfaction with support from family (Referent: satisfaction) | 0.51 | 0.32, 0.80 | 0.003 |
Dissatisfaction with support from industry (Referent: satisfaction) | 0.56 | 0.40, 0.79 | 0.001 |
Interaction Term | Contrast | Beta Coefficient | 95% CI | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
A. Exhaustion Model | ||||
Financial stress x Satisfaction with friend support (Referent: no financial stress & satisfied with friend support) | Financial stress & satisfied with friend support | 1.63 | 0.45, 2.81 | 0.007 |
No financial stress & dissatisfied with friend support | −6.41 | −11.66, −1.15 | 0.017 | |
Financial stress & dissatisfied with friend support | 8.64 | 3.21, 14.08 | 0.002 | |
Gender x Satisfaction with industry support (Referent: male gender & satisfied with industry support) | Male gender & dissatisfied with industry support | 2.63 | 1.38, 3.87 | <0.001 |
Female gender & satisfied with industry support | −2.81 | −5.86, 0.23 | 0.070 | |
Female gender & dissatisfied with industry support | −2.61 | −4.59, −0.65 | 0.009 | |
Fair self-rated health x dairy farmer (Referent: excellent self-rated health & non-dairy farmer) | Excellent self-rated health & dairy farmer | −0.01 | −2.25, 2.22 | 0.992 |
Fair self-rated health & non-dairy farmer | 3.05 | 1.22, 4.88 | 0.001 | |
Fair self-rated health & dairy farmer | 3.68 | 0.55, 6.80 | 0.021 | |
B. Cynicism model | ||||
Gender x dairy farmer (Referent: male gender & non-dairy farmer) | Female gender & non-dairy farmer | −0.77 | −1.68, 0.14 | 0.095 |
Male gender & dairy farmer | −1.37 | −2.22, −0.52 | 0.002 | |
Female gender & dairy farmer | 1.83 | 0.20, 3.46 | 0.027 |
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Jones-Bitton, A.; Hagen, B.; Fleming, S.J.; Hoy, S. Farmer Burnout in Canada. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 5074. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245074
Jones-Bitton A, Hagen B, Fleming SJ, Hoy S. Farmer Burnout in Canada. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(24):5074. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245074
Chicago/Turabian StyleJones-Bitton, Andria, Briana Hagen, Stephen J. Fleming, and Sandra Hoy. 2019. "Farmer Burnout in Canada" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 24: 5074. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245074