Characterizing Unsafe Sexual Behavior among Factory Workers in the Context of Rapid Industrialization in Northern Vietnam
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Sampling
2.2. Measure and Instruments
2.2.1. Socioeconomic Characteristics
2.2.2. Sexual Behaviors
2.2.3. Health Risk Behaviors
2.2.4. Health Status
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Ethics Approval
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Coxhead, I.; Cuong, N.V.; Vu, L.H. Migration in Vietnam: New Evidence from Recent Surveys; Vietnam Development Economics Discussion Papers; World Bank: Hanoi, Vietnam, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Huang, W.; Dong, Y.; Chen, L.; Song, D.; Wang, J.; Tao, H.; Zaller, N.; Zhang, H.; Operario, D. Hiv risk and sexual health among female migrants in china. Health Promot. Int. 2016, 31, 595–605. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Hargreaves, S.; Rustage, K.; Nellums, L.B.; McAlpine, A.; Pocock, N.; Devakumar, D.; Aldridge, R.W.; Abubakar, I.; Kristensen, K.L.; Himmels, J.W.; et al. Occupational health outcomes among international migrant workers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob. Health 2019, 7, e872–e882. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Al Rifai, R.; Nakamura, K.; Seino, K.; Kizuki, M.; Morita, A. Unsafe sexual behaviour in domestic and foreign migrant male workers in multinational workplaces in Jordan: Occupational-based and behavioural assessment survey. BMJ Open 2015, 5, e007703. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Pham, K.T.H.; Nguyen, L.H.; Vuong, Q.H.; Ho, M.T.; Vuong, T.T.; Nguyen, H.T.; Vu, G.T.; Nguyen, H.L.T.; Tran, B.X.; Latkin, C.A.; et al. Health inequality between migrant and non-migrant workers in an industrial zone of vietnam. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 1502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Tuan, N.A.; Fylkesnes, K.; Thang, B.D.; Hien, N.T.; Long, N.T.; Kinh, N.V.; Thang, P.H.; Manh, P.D.; O’Farrell, N. Human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection patterns and risk behaviours in different population groups and provinces in viet nam. Bull. World Health Organ. 2007, 85, 35–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abdulkader, R.S.; Goswami, K.; Rai, S.K.; Misra, P.; Kant, S. HIV-Risk Behavior Among the Male Migrant Factory Workers in a North Indian City. Indian J. Community Med. Off. Publ. Indian Assoc. Prev. Soc. Med. 2015, 40, 108–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chamratrithirong, A.; Ford, K.; Punpuing, S.; Prasartkul, P. A workplace intervention program and the increase in HIV knowledge, perceived accessibility and use of condoms among young factory workers in Thailand. SAHARA J. 2017, 14, 132–139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mucci, N.; Traversini, V.; Giorgi, G.; Garzaro, G.; Fiz Perez, J.; Campagna, M.; Rapisarda, V.; Tommasi, E.; Montalti, M.; Arcangeli, G. Migrant workers and physical health: An umbrella review. Sustainability 2019, 11, 232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Puri, M.; Cleland, J. Sexual behavior and perceived risk of hiv/aids among young migrant factory workers in nepal. J. Adolesc. Health Off. Publ. Soc. Adolesc. Med. 2006, 38, 237–246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dai, W.; Gao, J.; Gong, J.; Xia, X.; Yang, H.; Shen, Y.; Gu, J.; Wang, T.; Liu, Y.; Zhou, J.; et al. Sexual behavior of migrant workers in Shanghai, China. BMC Public Health 2015, 15, 1067. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mondal, M.N.; Hoque, M.N.; Khan Chowdhury, M.R.; Moni, S.; Howard, J.; Rahman Choudhury, S. Risky Sexual Behaviors and HIV Vulnerability of Male Migrant Workers in Rajshahi City, Bangladesh. Epidemiol. Open Access 2014, 4, 160. [Google Scholar]
- Nguyen, V.H.; Dunne, M.P.; Debattista, J.; Hien Nguyen, T.; Minh An Dao, T. Social Contexts of Risk Behaviors for HIV Among Male, Unskilled, Unregistered Laborers in Urban Vietnam. Qual. Health Res. 2011, 22, 871–879. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tran, A.N.; Nørlund, I. Globalization, industrialization, and labor markets in Vietnam. J. Asia Pac. Econ. 2015, 20, 143–163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bradley, K.A.; DeBenedetti, A.F.; Volk, R.J.; Williams, E.C.; Frank, D.; Kivlahan, D.R. AUDIT-C as a brief screen for alcohol misuse in primary care. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2007, 31, 1208–1217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tran, B.X.; Nguyen, H.L.T.; Le, Q.N.H.; Mai, H.T.; Ngo, C.; Hoang, C.D.; Nguyen, H.H.; Le, H.Q.; Van Nguyen, H.; Le, H.T.; et al. Alcohol and tobacco use among methadone maintenance patients in Vietnamese rural mountainside areas. Addict. Behav. Rep. 2018, 7, 19–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tran, B.X.; Ohinmaa, A.; Nguyen, L.T. Quality of life profile and psychometric properties of the EQ-5D-5L in HIV/AIDS patients. Health Qual. Outcomes 2012, 10, 132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Saggurti, N.; Verma, R.K.; Jain, A.; RamaRao, S.; Kumar, K.A.; Subbiah, A.; Modugu, H.R.; Halli, S.; Bharat, S. HIV risk behaviours among contracted and non-contracted male migrant workers in India: Potential role of labour contractors and contractual systems in HIV prevention. AIDS 2008, 22, S127–S136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, X.; Zhang, L.; Stanton, B.; Fang, X.; Xiong, Q.; Lin, D. HIV/AIDS-related sexual risk behaviors among rural residents in China: Potential role of rural-to-urban migration. AIDS Educ. Prev. 2007, 19, 396–407. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rojanapithayakorn, W. The 100% condom use programme in Asia. Reprod. Health Matters 2006, 14, 41–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hong, S.A.; Thepthien, B.-o. HIV risk-related sexual behavior by cohabiting partner status among factory workers: Results from the 2015 Bangkok behavioral surveillance survey (BSS). Cogent Soc. Sci. 2017, 3, 1364070. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hu, Z.; Liu, H.; Li, X.; Stanton, B.; Chen, X. HIV-related sexual behaviour among migrants and non-migrants in a rural area of China: Role of rural-to-urban migration. Public Health 2006, 120, 339–345. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ishtiaque, A.; Ullah, M.S. The Influence of Factors of Migration on the Migration Status of Rural-Urban Migrants in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Hum. Geogr. 2013, 7, 45–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yang, H.; Li, X.; Stanton, B.; Fang, X.; Lin, D.; Mao, R.; Liu, H.; Chen, X.; Severson, R. Workplace and HIV-related sexual behaviours and perceptions among female migrant workers. AIDS Care 2005, 17, 819–833. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, B.; Li, X.; Stanton, B.; Fang, X.; Liang, G.; Liu, H.; Lin, D.; Yang, H. Gender differences in HIV-related perceptions, sexual risk behaviors, and history of sexually transmitted diseases among Chinese migrants visiting public sexually transmitted disease clinics. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2007, 21, 57–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Do, M.; Fu, H. Is women’s self-efficacy in negotiating sexual decisionmaking associated with condom use in marital relationships in Vietnam? Stud. Fam. Plann. 2011, 42, 273–282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bui, T.C.; Markham, C.M.; Ross, M.W.; Williams, M.L.; Beasley, R.P.; Tran, L.T.; Nguyen, H.T.; Le, T.N. Perceived gender inequality, sexual communication self-efficacy, and sexual behaviour among female undergraduate students in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. Sex Health 2012, 9, 314–322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tran, T.D.H.; Tuan, D.K.; Anh, N.D.; Le, T.K.A.; Bui, T.T.H. Premarital sex, contraceptive use among unmarried women migrant workers in industrial parks in Vietnam, 2015. Health Care Women Int. 2018, 39, 377–388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wolffers, I.; Fernandez, I.; Verghis, S.; Vink, M. Sexual behavior and vulnerability of migrant workers for HIV infection. Cult. Health Sex. 2002, 4, 459–473. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tiruneh, K.; Wasie, B.; Gonzalez, H. Sexual behavior and vulnerability to HIV infection among seasonal migrant laborers in Metema district, northwest Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2015, 15, 122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Weine, S.M.; Kashuba, A.B. Labor migration and HIV risk: A systematic review of the literature. AIDS Behav. 2012, 16, 1605–1621. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, Y.; Li, X.; Zhang, C.; Hong, Y.; Zhou, Y.; Liu, W. Alcohol use and sexual risks: Use of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) among female sex workers in China. Health Care Women Int. 2013, 34, 122–138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Singh, S.K.; Schensul, J.J.; Gupta, K.; Maharana, B.; Kremelberg, D.; Berg, M. Determinants of alcohol use, risky sexual behavior and sexual health problems among men in low income communities of Mumbai, India. AIDS Behav. 2010, 14, S48–S60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Cooper, M.L. Alcohol use and risky sexual behavior among college students and youth: Evaluating the evidence. J. Stud. Alcohol Suppl. 2002, 14, 101–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Fortenberry, J.D.; Orr, D.P.; Katz, B.P.; Brizendine, E.J.; Blythe, M.J. Sex under the influence. A diary self-report study of substance use and sexual behavior among adolescent women. Sex. Transm. Dis. 1997, 24, 313–319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, Q.; Li, X.; Stanton, B. Alcohol use among female sex workers and male clients: An integrative review of global literature. Alcohol Alcohol. 2010, 45, 188–199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Tran, B.X.; Nguyen, L.H.; Nguyen, C.T.; Phan, H.T.; Latkin, C.A. Alcohol abuse increases the risk of HIV infection and diminishes health status of clients attending HIV testing services in Vietnam. Harm. Reduct. J. 2016, 13, 6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Carey, K.B.; Senn, T.E.; Walsh, J.L.; Scott-Sheldon, L.A.; Carey, M.P. Alcohol Use Predicts Number of Sexual Partners for Female but not Male STI Clinic Patients. AIDS Behav. 2016, 20, S52–S59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Khan, M.R.; Kaufman, J.S.; Pence, B.W.; Gaynes, B.N.; Adimora, A.A.; Weir, S.S.; Miller, W.C. Depression, sexually transmitted infection, and sexual risk behavior among young adults in the United States. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 2009, 163, 644–652. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rao, U. Links between depression and substance abuse in adolescents: Neurobiological mechanisms. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2006, 31, S161–S174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ngo, A.D.; Ha, T.H.; Rule, J.; Dang, C.V. Peer-based education and the integration of HIV and Sexual and Reproductive Health services for young people in Vietnam: evidence from a project evaluation. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e80951. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Characteristics | n | % |
---|---|---|
Gender (Female) (n = 230) | 186 | 81.2 |
Education attainment (n = 228) | ||
Under high school | 17 | 7.5 |
High school | 139 | 61.0 |
Above high school | 72 | 31.5 |
Marital status (n = 230) | ||
Single | 8 | 3.5 |
Having spouse/partner | 222 | 96.5 |
Currently living with (n = 228) | ||
Parents | 115 | 50.4 |
Wife/husband | 187 | 82.0 |
Children | 139 | 61.0 |
Brothers/sisters | 18 | 7.9 |
Relatives | 2 | 0.9 |
Colleague | 2 | 0.9 |
Immigrants/migrant workers (n = 229) | 117 | 51.1 |
Having problems in (n = 230) | ||
Mobility | 76 | 34.1 |
Self-care | 7 | 3.2 |
Usual activities | 73 | 32.7 |
Pain/Discomfort | 132 | 61.4 |
Anxiety/Depression | 135 | 62.8 |
Having acute and/or chronic conditions (n = 222) | 187 | 84.2 |
Using reproductive health service in the last 12 months (n = 220) | 99 | 45.0 |
Hazardous drinking (n = 223) | 37 | 16.6 |
Binge drinking (n = 223) | 35 | 15.7 |
Current smoking status (n = 214) | ||
Never-smokers | 183 | 85.5 |
Former smokers | 14 | 6.6 |
Current smokers | 17 | 7.9 |
Mean | SD | |
Age | 31.7 | 4.5 |
Monthly income (USD) | 282.4 | 106.5 |
Years of experience | 9.8 | 3.7 |
Working hour per day | 8.3 | 0.9 |
Number of acute and/or chronic conditions | 1.8 | 1.7 |
Characteristic | Local People (n = 113) | Migrants (n = 117) | Total | p-value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
Having sex (n = 224 ) | 71 | 64.6 | 77 | 67.5 | 148 | 66.1 | 0.80 |
Number of sex partners (all types) (n = 225) | |||||||
None | 20 | 18.2 | 17 | 14.9 | 38 | 16.5 | 0.83 |
One sex partner | 69 | 62.7 | 76 | 66.7 | 145 | 64.8 | |
Two sex partners or more | 2 | 1.8 | 1 | 0.9 | 3 | 1.3 | |
Don’t remember | 19 | 17.3 | 20 | 17.5 | 39 | 17.4 | |
Using condom in the last sexual intercourse with | |||||||
Spouse/intimate partners (n = 214) | 47 | 46.5 | 49 | 43.4 | 96 | 44.9 | 0.64 |
Yes | 47 | 46.5 | 49 | 43.4 | 96 | 44.9 | 0.64 |
No | 54 | 53.5 | 64 | 56.6 | 118 | 55.1 | |
Sex workers (n = 177) | |||||||
Yes | 11 | 12.8 | 7 | 7.7 | 18 | 10.2 | 0.15 |
No | 16 | 18.6 | 10 | 11.0 | 26 | 14.7 | |
Do not remember | 59 | 68.6 | 74 | 81.3 | 133 | 75.1 | |
Casual partners without receiving money (n = 187) | |||||||
Yes | 12 | 13.5 | 8 | 8.2 | 20 | 10.7 | 0.44 |
No | 16 | 18.0 | 16 | 16.3 | 32 | 17.1 | |
Do not remember | 61 | 68.5 | 74 | 75.5 | 135 | 72.2 | |
Casual partners while receiving money (n = 178) | |||||||
Yes | 11 | 12.9 | 6 | 6.5 | 17 | 9.5 | 0.23 |
No | 11 | 12.9 | 9 | 9.7 | 20 | 11.2 | |
Do not remember | 63 | 74.1 | 78 | 83.9 | 141 | 79.2 |
Characteristics | Not Using Condom with Casual Partners/Sex Workers in the Last Sexual Intercourse | ||
---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p-value | |
Gender (Female vs. Male) | 0.52 *** | 0.34; 0.79 | 0.00 |
Education (vs. Less than high school) | |||
High school | 0.12 *** | 0.03; 0.43 | 0.00 |
Above high school | 0.14 ** | 0.02; 0.98 | 0.05 |
Marital status (Living with spouse/partner vs. Single) | 0.19 ** | 0.04; 0.96 | 0.05 |
Immigrants/Migrants (Yes vs. No) | 2.49 *** | 1.60; 3.88 | 0.00 |
Age | 1.06 ** | 1.01; 1.11 | 0.03 |
Having problems in | |||
Mobility problems (Yes vs. No) | 2.84 *** | 1.36; 5.93 | 0.01 |
Self-care problems (Yes vs. No) | 4.85 *** | 2.48; 9.47 | 0.00 |
Usual activities problems (Yes vs. No) | 0.52 * | 0.26; 1.04 | 0.06 |
Pain/Discomfort (Yes vs. No) | 2.13 | 0.26; 17.56 | 0.48 |
Anxiety/Depression (Yes vs. No) | 0.93 | 0.42; 2.10 | 0.87 |
Having acute or chronic conditions (Yes vs. No) | 0.94 *** | 0.89; 0.98 | 0.01 |
Using reproductive health service in last 12 months (Yes vs. No) | 1.47 | 0.57; 3.77 | 0.42 |
Hazardous drinking (Yes vs. No) | 0.30 | 0.04; 2.09 | 0.23 |
Binge drinking (Yes vs. No) | 3.97 ** | 1.12; 4.15 | 0.03 |
Current smoking status (vs. Never-smokers) | |||
Former smokers | 1.06 | 0.54; 2.09 | 0.87 |
Current smokers | 0.37 ** | 0.15; 0.91 | 0.03 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Tran, B.X.; Vo, T.; Dang, A.K.; Nguyen, Q.N.; Vu, G.T.; Vu, L.G.; Do, K.N.; Latkin, C.A.; Ho, C.S.H.; Ho, R.C.M. Characterizing Unsafe Sexual Behavior among Factory Workers in the Context of Rapid Industrialization in Northern Vietnam. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 5085. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245085
Tran BX, Vo T, Dang AK, Nguyen QN, Vu GT, Vu LG, Do KN, Latkin CA, Ho CSH, Ho RCM. Characterizing Unsafe Sexual Behavior among Factory Workers in the Context of Rapid Industrialization in Northern Vietnam. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(24):5085. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245085
Chicago/Turabian StyleTran, Bach Xuan, Tracy Vo, Anh Kim Dang, Quang Nhat Nguyen, Giang Thu Vu, Linh Gia Vu, Khanh Nam Do, Carl A. Latkin, Cyrus S.H. Ho, and Roger C.M. Ho. 2019. "Characterizing Unsafe Sexual Behavior among Factory Workers in the Context of Rapid Industrialization in Northern Vietnam" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 24: 5085. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245085