Numerical Simulation of Flow and Temperature Fields in a Deep Stratified Reservoir Using Water-Separating Curtain
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Mathematical Model and Verification
2.1. Governing Equations
2.2. Model Validation
3. Case Study
3.1. Computational Layout
3.2. Numerical Simulation
3.3. Results and Discussion
3.3.1. Flow Field and Temperature Field
3.3.2. Temperature Difference
3.3.3. Pressure Difference
3.3.4. Discharged Water Temperature
4. Conclusions
- The laminar flow model and standard k-ε turbulence model including the Boussinesq approximation and the density–temperature function have been verified by the experiment of Johnson (1980). It is found that the density–temperature function has better accuracy, and the simulation results by laminar flow model combined with the density–temperature function are the most accurate because the flow pattern in the experiments is laminar flow. However, using the density–temperature function equation needs more computing resources and longer computing time.
- The standard k-ε double equation model is applied to the water temperature simulation of the actual reservoir, and the influence of different layouts of WSC on the flow field and temperature field is analyzed. The study shows that setting WSC in the thermally stratified reservoir can effectively increase the discharged water temperature of the power station.
- Moreover, the different arrangements of water-separating curtain has obvious effects on the discharged water temperature. For example, the increased temperature by adding a WSC with full sealing is 1 °C higher than that by using the WSC with a bottom opening height of 2 m. However, the maximum pressure difference acting on the WSC for the former WSC is 100 Pa higher than that for the latter WSC. When the layout of the WSC is used, both of the temperature rise and the force acting on the WSC need to be considered together.
- Different equations of state have little effect on the simulation results. Considering the influence of calculation efficiency, Boussinesq approximation can be recommended to study the water temperature distribution of large reservoirs.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cases | Calculation Model | Equation of State |
---|---|---|
A1 | Laminar | Boussinesq approximation |
A2 | Laminar | Density-temperature function |
A3 | Standard k-ε | Boussinesq approximation |
A4 | Standard k-ε | Density-temperature function |
Cases | Top Opening Height (m) | Bottom Opening Height (m) | Equation of State |
---|---|---|---|
B1 | 20 | 0 | Density-temperature function |
B2 | 2 | Density-temperature function | |
B3 | 0 | Boussinesq approximation | |
B4 | 2 | Boussinesq approximation |
Cases | Discharged Water Temperature/°C | Effect of Increasing DWT/°C |
---|---|---|
No WSC | 17.78 | / |
B1 | 21.85 | 4.07 |
B2 | 21.09 | 3.31 |
B3 | 21.97 | 4.19 |
B4 | 21.29 | 3.51 |
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Zhang, L.; Zhang, J.; Peng, Y.; Pan, J.; Peng, Z. Numerical Simulation of Flow and Temperature Fields in a Deep Stratified Reservoir Using Water-Separating Curtain. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 5143. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245143
Zhang L, Zhang J, Peng Y, Pan J, Peng Z. Numerical Simulation of Flow and Temperature Fields in a Deep Stratified Reservoir Using Water-Separating Curtain. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(24):5143. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245143
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Lifang, Jianmin Zhang, Yong Peng, Jiangyang Pan, and Zhongxian Peng. 2019. "Numerical Simulation of Flow and Temperature Fields in a Deep Stratified Reservoir Using Water-Separating Curtain" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 24: 5143. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245143