Hydrochemical Analysis and Fuzzy Logic Method for Evaluation of Groundwater Quality in the North Chengdu Plain, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area Description
2.2. Sampling Procedures and Analysis
2.3. Evaluating Groundwater Quality by the Fuzzy Logic Method
2.3.1. Establish the Evaluation Factors and Determine the Standard Value
2.3.2. Membership Degree and Construction of Fuzzy Matrix R
2.3.3. Weights Coefficient Matrix
2.3.4. Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Matrix
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Hydrochemical Characteristics of Groundwater
3.1.1. Descriptive statistics method
3.1.2. Hydrochemical Facies of Samples
3.1.3. Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient among Parameters
3.2. Fuzzy Logic Method for Groundwater Quality Evaluation
3.2.1. Assessment Indicators
3.2.2. Compute Fuzzy Matrix R
3.2.3. Weight for Each Factor
3.2.4. Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation
- Conventional methods don’t have enough flexibility when facing data set unavailability. Also, the conventional methods cannot handle the uncertainties associated with the monitoring of the quality of water.
- Traditional methods need all the suggested water quality parameters level with their guideline/standard values by considering the usage of allocated water. The main drawback of this straightforward type of assessment was its low capability of providing a holistic picture of water quality, especially for concise water quality decision-making.
- Conventional methods are based on weighted averages, but the rules of a fuzzy expert system can be built such that good quality in one parameter does not hide a lousy quality in another.
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Analysis Methods |
---|---|
pH | Portable ph meter |
Electrical conductivity (EC) | Portable ph meter |
Total hardness (TH) | Edta complexmetry |
Total dissolved solids (TDS) | Gravimetric method |
Sodium (Na) | Flame photometer |
Potassium (K) | Flame photometer |
Calcium (Ca) | Volumetric methods |
Magnesium (Mg) | Volumetric methods |
Bicarbonates (HCO) | Volumetric methods |
Chlorides (Cl) | Volumetric methods |
Sulfates (SO) | Spectrophotometric |
Nitrite (NO) | Spectrophotometer |
Nitrate (NO) | Ionic chromatography |
Ammonia (NH) | Nessler is reagent spectrophotometry |
Manganese (Mn) | Atomic absorption spectrophotometry |
Iron (Fe) | Atomic absorption spectrophotometry |
Grade | Classification/Applicable Uses | Parameters | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TH | TDS | NO2 | NO3 | NH4 | Mn | Fe | Cl | SO4 | ||
I | Excellent suitable for drinking water | 150 | 300 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.1 | 50 | 50 |
II | Good suitable for drinking water | 300 | 500 | 2.0 | 5.0 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.2 | 150 | 150 |
III | Moderate suitable for drinking water | 450 | 1000 | 3.0 | 20 | 0.2 | 3.0 | 0.3 | 250 | 250 |
IV | Poor suitable for drinking water | 550 | 2000 | 10 | 30 | 0.5 | 10 | 1.5 | 350 | 350 |
V | Unsuitable for drinking water | >550 | >2000 | >10 | >30 | >0.5 | >10 | >1.5 | >350 | >350 |
Parameters | Units | Min | Max | Mean | Std. Deviation | WHO Guideline | National Standard |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value (2011) | (GB 5749-2006) | ||||||
pH | - | 6.90 | 7.10 | 7.00 | 0.06 | 6.5–8.5 | 6.5–8.5 |
EC | S/cm | 655.93 | 1269.08 | 915.75 | 200.29 | 500 | - |
TH | mg/L | 302.80 | 628.10 | 437.92 | 121.28 | 300 | 450 |
TDS | mg/L | 387.00 | 824.90 | 566.63 | 146.43 | 500 | 1000 |
Na | mg/L | 10.20 | 58.00 | 25.95 | 17.13 | 200 | 200 |
K | mg/L | 1.80 | 2.50 | 2.25 | 0.25 | 12 | - |
Ca | mg/L | 98.20 | 194.40 | 137.90 | 37.80 | 75 | - |
Mg | mg/L | 13.98 | 34.66 | 22.72 | 6.92 | 50 | - |
HCO | mg/L | 146.40 | 411.90 | 307.12 | 95.86 | 500 | - |
Cl | mg/L | 12.79 | 78.15 | 36.86 | 22.07 | 250 | 250 |
SO | mg/L | 85.03 | 276.00 | 140.04 | 71.35 | 250 | 250 |
NO | mg/L | 0.004 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 3 | 0.02 |
NO | mg/L | 0.12 | 3.40 | 1.36 | 1.22 | 50 | 20 |
NH | mg/L | 0.02 | 0.36 | 0.12 | 0.15 | 35 | 0.2 |
Mn | mg/L | 0.003 | 0.19 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.1 | 0.05 |
Fe | mg/L | 0.02 | 0.18 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
Parameters | pH | EC | TH | TDS | Na | K | Ca | Mg | HCO | Cl | SO | NO | NO | NH | Mn | Fe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH | 1 | |||||||||||||||
EC | −0.97 | 1 | ||||||||||||||
TH | −0.85 | 0.87 | 1 | |||||||||||||
TDS | −0.95 | 0.99 | 0.91 | 1 | ||||||||||||
Na | −0.29 | 0.28 | −0.19 | 0.23 | 1 | |||||||||||
K | −0.38 | 0.52 | 0.63 | 0.63 | −0.01 | 1 | ||||||||||
Ca | −0.81 | 0.83 | 1.00 | 0.87 | −0.27 | 0.62 | 1 | |||||||||
Mg | −0.95 | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.99 | 0.09 | 0.62 | 0.93 | 1 | ||||||||
HCO | −0.33 | 0.43 | 0.44 | 0.36 | −0.23 | 0.00 | 0.46 | 0.34 | 1 | |||||||
Cl | −0.94 | 0.98 | 0.80 | 0.97 | 0.37 | 0.51 | 0.75 | 0.93 | 0.32 | 1 | ||||||
SO | −0.85 | 0.90 | 0.92 | 0.93 | −0.01 | 0.64 | 0.89 | 0.95 | 0.29 | 0.91 | 1 | |||||
NO | −0.78 | 0.86 | 0.77 | 0.86 | 0.12 | 0.49 | 0.73 | 0.85 | 0.41 | 0.92 | 0.93 | 1 | ||||
NO | 0.58 | −0.44 | −0.65 | −0.48 | 0.21 | −0.27 | −0.66 | −0.58 | −0.01 | −0.31 | −0.40 | −0.08 | 1 | |||
NH | −0.48 | 0.43 | 0.57 | 0.53 | −0.05 | 0.60 | 0.55 | 0.60 | −0.48 | 0.47 | 0.65 | 0.41 | −0.56 | 1 | ||
Mn | −0.01 | 0.03 | 0.36 | 0.09 | −0.50 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.16 | 0.26 | −0.16 | 0.01 | −0.25 | −0.60 | 0.07 | 1 | |
Fe | −0.02 | −0.03 | 0.34 | 0.08 | −0.47 | 0.46 | 0.38 | 0.17 | −0.17 | −0.17 | 0.05 | −0.29 | −0.74 | 0.45 | 0.88 | 1 |
Name of Well | I | II | III | IV | V | Result Grade |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | 0.085 | 0.031 | 0.568 | 0.005 | 0.311 | III |
Q2 | 0.303 | 0.670 | 0 | 0 | 0 | II |
Q3 | 0.064 | 0.443 | 0.171 | 0.321 | 0 | II |
Q4 | 0.059 | 0.361 | 0.424 | 0.156 | 0 | III |
Q5 | 0.225 | 0.429 | 0.319 | 0 | 0 | II |
Q6 | 0.442 | 0.558 | 0 | 0 | 0 | II |
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Mohamed, A.K.; Liu, D.; Song, K.; Mohamed, M.A.A.; Aldaw, E.; Elubid, B.A. Hydrochemical Analysis and Fuzzy Logic Method for Evaluation of Groundwater Quality in the North Chengdu Plain, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 302. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030302
Mohamed AK, Liu D, Song K, Mohamed MAA, Aldaw E, Elubid BA. Hydrochemical Analysis and Fuzzy Logic Method for Evaluation of Groundwater Quality in the North Chengdu Plain, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(3):302. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030302
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohamed, Adam Khalifa, Dan Liu, Kai Song, Mohamed A. A. Mohamed, Elsiddig Aldaw, and Basheer A. Elubid. 2019. "Hydrochemical Analysis and Fuzzy Logic Method for Evaluation of Groundwater Quality in the North Chengdu Plain, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 3: 302. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030302