Parents’ Perception of Their 2–10-Year-Old Children’s Contribution to The Dyadic Parent-Child Relationship in Terms of Positive and Negative Behaviors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study 1: Development and Initial Validation of the Child Relationship Behavior Inventory
- (1)
- A two-factor solution for the pre-trial questionnaire with all items loading either on the positive or the negative child relationship behaviors factor.
- (2)
- Good to excellent internal consistency for the Frequency and Problem Scales of both positive and negative child behaviors (i.e., αs/KR-20s ≥ 0.80, respectively).
2.1.1. Procedures
2.1.2. Sample
2.1.3. Results
2.1.4. Implications
2.2. Study 2: Assessing Parental Perceptions of Child Relationship Behaviors—The Child Relationship Behavior Inventory
- (1)
- A two-factor solution for the combined CRBI Frequency Scale with positive and negative child relationship behaviors.
- (2)
- Good to excellent internal consistency for both the CRDQ’s and CRC’s Frequency and Problem Scales (i.e., αs and KR-20s ≥ 0.80, respectively).
- (3)
- A low, negative association between the CRC and the CRDQ in terms of total frequency scores.
- (4)
- Significantly higher frequency scores of positive relationship behaviors on mother ratings compared to father ratings. As mothers on average spend more time taking care of children [30], we assumed more emotional closeness between mother and child resulting in more positive child relationship behaviors.
- (5)
- Significantly higher frequency scores of positive relationship behavior as well as significantly lower frequency scores of negative relationship behavior in girls compared to boys, and as a result of that higher CRBI ratios of girls compared to boys.
- (6)
- A linear decrease of both positive and negative relationship behavior with the child’s age.
- (7)
- A moderate positive association between externalizing symptoms and negative child relationship behaviors (as some negative child relationship behaviors might generalize to other contexts).
- (8)
- Both significantly higher scores of positive child relationship behaviors and significantly lower scores of negative child relationship behaviors in children without (compared to those with) disruptive behavior problems.
- (9)
- CRBI ratios to differentiate better than the CRBI scales between children with and without disruptive behavior problems (as the consequence of hypothesis 8).
2.2.1. Procedure and Measures
2.2.2. Statistical Analyses
Missing Data Management
Reliability
Validity
2.2.3. Participants
3. Results
3.1. Construct Validity (Hypothesis 1)
3.2. Normative and Reliability Data (Hypothesis 2)
3.3. Independence of Positive and Negative Child Relationship Behaviors (Hypothesis 3)
3.4. Rater Effects (Hypothesis 4)
3.5. Child Gender Effects (Hypothesis 5)
3.6. Child Age Effects (Hypothesis 6)
3.7. Criterion Validity (Hypothesis 7)
3.8. Disruptive Behavior Problems and Perceived Child Relationship Behavior (Hypothesis 8)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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N | Percent | ||
---|---|---|---|
Children sample | 1712 | 100.0 | |
Sex | Female | 843 | 49.2 |
Male | 869 | 50.8 | |
Child lives with | Both parents | 1412 | 82.6 |
Single mother | 171 | 10.0 | |
Mother and new partner | 89 | 5.2 | |
Single father | 11 | 0.6 | |
Foster parents | 17 | 1.0 | |
Father and new partner | 7 | 0.4 | |
Adoptive parents | 2 | 0.1 | |
Missing | 3 | --- | |
Migration background 1 | Yes | 223 | 13.0 |
No | 1489 | 87.0 | |
Parent sample | 2710 | 100.0 | |
Sex | Female | 1642 | 60.1 |
Male | 1068 | 39.9 | |
Socioeconomic | Low | 292 | 19.4 |
status 2 | Medium | 787 | 52.4 |
High | 424 | 28.2 | |
Missing | 209 | --- |
N | df | χ2 1 | RMSEA 2 | RMSEA 90% CI 2 | SRMR 3 | CFI 4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mothers | 1579 | 349 | 3613.06 *** | 0.077 | 0.075–0.079 | 0.058 | 0.79 |
girls | 768 | 349 | 1894.14 *** | 0.076 | 0.073–0.079 | 0.055 | 0.79 |
boys | 811 | 349 | 2201.47 *** | 0.081 | 0.078–0.084 | 0.067 | 0.76 |
Fathers | 921 | 349 | 2204.31 *** | 0.076 | 0.073–0.079 | 0.058 | 0.8 |
girls | 447 | 349 | 1280.31 *** | 0.077 | 0.073–0.082 | 0.061 | 0.81 |
boys | 474 | 349 | 1358.54 *** | 0.078 | 0.074–0.083 | 0.065 | 0.79 |
Mothers | Fathers | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency | Problem | Frequency | Problem | ||||||
Item # | Item Content (In Part Abbreviated) | Item Selectivity 1 | M | SD | % | Item Selectivity1 | M | SD | % |
01. | Gives me small presents (e.g., drawings). | 0.51 | 5.04 | 1.29 | 1 | 0.54 | 4.62 | 1.32 | 0 |
02. | Praises or compliments me. | 0.63 | 4.74 | 1.32 | 1 | 0.69 | 4.40 | 1.37 | 0 |
03. | Tells me that he/she likes me. | 0.64 | 5.66 | 1.30 | 1 | 0.68 | 5.18 | 1.45 | 2 |
04. | Gives me a kiss. | 0.53 | 5.83 | 1.35 | 1 | 0.58 | 5.22 | 1.64 | 1 |
05. | Hugs or caresses me/cuddles with me. | 0.57 | 5.98 | 1.01 | 1 | 0.61 | 5.46 | 1.25 | 1 |
06. | Shows me things that interest him/her.. | 0.47 | 6.11 | 0.84 | 1 | 0.49 | 5.80 | 0.94 | 1 |
07. | Tells me what makes him/her happy. | 0.58 | 5.92 | 1.06 | 2 | 0.60 | 5.55 | 1.15 | 1 |
08. | Tells me what stresses him/her. | 0.58 | 5.20 | 1.40 | 9 | 0.60 | 4.57 | 1.44 | 9 |
09. | Approaches me to spend time together. | 0.50 | 5.73 | 1.02 | 2 | 0.50 | 5.57 | 1.06 | 1 |
10. | Approaches me to be comforted. | 0.49 | 5.87 | 1.16 | 2 | 0.61 | 4.98 | 1.31 | 2 |
11. | Shares with me (e.g., food). | 0.47 | 5.26 | 1.26 | 1 | 0.50 | 4.96 | 1.32 | 1 |
12. | Tries to comfort me if I feel bad. | 0.58 | 5.37 | 1.41 | 2 | 0.68 | 4.57 | 1.61 | 1 |
13. | Spontaneously helps me with tasks. | 0.54 | 4.48 | 1.39 | 5 | 0.55 | 4.14 | 1.41 | 5 |
14. | Talks about me in a good manner. | 0.51 | 5.59 | 1.31 | 1 | 0.52 | 5.28 | 1.42 | 1 |
Item mean | 0.54 | 5.48 | 1.22 | 2.14 | 0.58 | 5.02 | 1.34 | 1.86 | |
Total Scale mean | 76.98 | 10.46 | 70.34 | 12.20 |
Mothers | Fathers | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency | Problem | Frequency | Problem | ||||||
Item # | Item Content (In Part Abbreviated) | Item Selectivity 1 | M | SD | % | Item Selectivity 1 | M | SD | % |
01. | Speaks to me in a commanding tone. | 0.62 | 2.82 | 1.41 | 25 | 0.57 | 2.72 | 1.40 | 17 |
02. | Insults me. | 0.67 | 1.82 | 1.07 | 16 | 0.67 | 1.83 | 1.04 | 13 |
03. | Ignores me on purpose. | 0.56 | 1.80 | 1.09 | 12 | 0.50 | 1.96 | 1.11 | 11 |
04. | Tells me what to do. | 0.66 | 2.05 | 1.23 | 11 | 0.65 | 2.12 | 1.20 | 9 |
05. | Threatens me. | 0.63 | 1.36 | 0.80 | 6 | 0.60 | 1.41 | 0.78 | 6 |
06. | Provokes me. | 0.68 | 2.42 | 1.40 | 21 | 0.64 | 2.26 | 1.30 | 14 |
07. | Criticizes me in a derogatory way. | 0.58 | 1.33 | 0.76 | 6 | 0.56 | 1.35 | 0.67 | 4 |
08. | Disturbs me on purpose when I need a rest. | 0.56 | 2.07 | 1.19 | 13 | 0.55 | 2.06 | 1.17 | 11 |
09. | Makes fun of me. | 0.43 | 1.34 | 0.76 | 3 | 0.42 | 1.44 | 0.79 | 2 |
10. | Complains about me. | 0.54 | 1.54 | 0.87 | 4 | 0.49 | 1.59 | 0.82 | 3 |
11. | Tells me that he/she doesn’t like me. | 0.41 | 1.45 | 1.03 | 5 | 0.41 | 1.56 | 1.00 | 6 |
12. | Lies to me. | 0.43 | 2.07 | 1.08 | 18 | 0.40 | 2.04 | 1.04 | 15 |
13. | Rejects me. | 0.51 | 1.57 | 0.80 | 7 | 0.52 | 1.79 | 0.94 | 8 |
14. | Hurts me physically (e.g., biting, …) | 0.45 | 1.23 | 0.65 | 7 | 0.47 | 1.27 | 0.69 | 6 |
Item mean | 0.55 | 1.78 | 1.01 | 11.00 | 0.53 | 1.81 | 1.00 | 8.93 | |
Total scale mean | 24.88 | 8.95 | 25.47 | 8.62 |
CRDQ | MOTHERS | FATHERS | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AGE GROUPS | n f/m 1 | Problem | Frequency | n f/m 1 | Problem | Frequency | ||||
M (SD) f/m 1 | KR-20 f/m 1 | M (SD) f/m 1 | α f/m 1 | M (SD) f/m 1 | KR-20 f/m 1 | M (SD) f/m 1 | α f/m1 | |||
Ages 2–4 | 185/187 | 0.11/0.13 (0.42)/(0.58) | 0.47/0.69 | 78.21/74.49 (10.02)/(10.24) | 0.87/0.85 | 139/130 | 0.05/0.13 (0.31)/(0.43) | 0.49/0.37 | 69.60/68.32 (13.09)/(11.48) | 0.91/0.88 |
Ages 5–6 | 162/177 | 0.19/0.34 (0.50)/(1.15) | 0.26/0.81 | 79.20/76.54 (10.29)/(10.27) | 0.88/0.88 | 118/122 | 0.25/0.37 (0.66)/(1.25) | 0.45/0.84 | 73.75/69.95 (10.74)/(10.95) | 0.89/0.87 |
Ages 7–8 | 267/252 | 0.20/0.40 (0.75)/(1.31) | 0.31/0.84 | 79.52/75.52 (9.12)/(10.65) | 0.88/0.87 | 154/170 | 0.29/0.34 (1.17)/(0.88) | 0.87/0.65 | 72.68/69.05 (11.51)/(13.27) | 0.90/0.90 |
Ages 9–10 | 190/222 | 0.39/0.58 (1.48)/(2.04) | 0.67/0.94 | 77.06/75.30 (11.11)/(11.00) | 0.89/0.88 | 116/131 | 0.26/0.40 (0.68)/(1.35) | 0.33/0.86 | 71.29/68.52 (12.48)/(12.53) | 0.90/0.90 |
Total | 804/838 | 0.22/0.38 (0.89)/(1.41) | 0.51/0.89 | 78.57/75.45 (10.09)/(10.58) | 0.88/0.87 | 527/553 | 0.21/0.31 (0.80)/(1.03) | 0.74/0.79 | 71.80/68.95 (12.07)/(12.18) | 0.90/0.89 |
CRC | MOTHERS | FATHERS | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AGE GROUPS | n f/m 1 | Problem | Frequency | n f/m 1 | Problem | Frequency | ||||
M (SD) f/m 1 | KR-20 f/m 1 | M (SD) f/m 1 | α f/m 1 | M (SD) f/m 1 | KR-20 f/m 1 | M (SD) f/m 1 | α f/m1 | |||
Ages 2–4 | 176/181 | 1.68/1.84 (2.52)/(2.97) | 0.84/0.87 | 25.99/27.78 (8.43)/(9.75) | 0.85/0.88 | 133/113 | 1.37/1.84 (2.58)/(2.97) | 0.87/0.88 | 27.29/29.43 (8.41)/(8.87) | 0.84/0.84 |
Ages 5–6 | 156/176 | 1.64/1.35 (2.70)/(2.37) | 0.88/0.86 | 25.53/26.38 (8.14)/(8.41) | 0.86/0.84 | 95/103 | 1.02/1.35 (1.89)/(2.37) | 0.80/0.85 | 26.32/26.39 (8.48)/(9.33) | 0.85/0.88 |
Ages 7–8 | 254/246 | 1.26/1.22 (2.42)/(2.93) | 0.88/0.88 | 23.56/23.47 (8.25)/(8.28) | 0.88/0.88 | 122/143 | 1.28/1.22 (2.54)/(2.93) | 0.89/0.92 | 22.90/24.38 (6.60)/(8.38) | 0.81/0.89 |
Ages 9–10 | 183/208 | 1.42/1.29 (2.43)/(2.52) | 0.85/0.87 | 23.63/24.00 (9.94)/(9.48) | 0.91/0.90 | 104/120 | 0.78/1.29 (1.73)/(2.52) | 0.82/0.89 | 23.16/24.18 (8.90)/(8.22) | 0.90/0.88 |
Total | 769/811 | 1.47/1.42 (2.51)/(2.73) | 0.86/0.87 | 24.53/25.20 (8.75)/(9.12) | 0.88/0.88 | 454/479 | 1.14/1.42 (2.27)/(2.73) | 0.87/0.89 | 24.96/25.95 (8.31)/(8.90) | 0.86/0.88 |
Mothers | Fathers | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | CRBI Ratio M (SD) | N | CRBI Ratio M (SD) | |||
Age Groups | Girls/Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls/Boys | Girls | Boys |
Ages 2–4 | 176/181 | 3.31 (1.11) | 2.97 (0.99) | 131/113 | 2.82 (1.10) | 2.57 (1.01) |
Ages 5–6 | 155/176 | 3.38 (1.09) | 3.22 (1.17) | 94/102 | 3.14 (1.20) | 2.97 (1.24) |
Ages 7–8 | 251/242 | 3.77 (1.30) | 3.62 (1.32) | 120/139 | 3.49 (1.23) | 3.26 (1.21) |
Ages 9–10 | 181/207 | 3.79 (1.52) | 3.58 (1.36) | 98/116 | 3.52 (1.43) | 3.26 (1.31) |
Total | 763/806 | 3.59 (1.29) | 3.37 (1.26) | 443/470 | 3.22 (1.27) | 3.00 (1.23) |
MOTHERS | ECBI Intensity Scale | ECBI Problem Scale | FATHERS | ECBI Intensity Scale | ECBI Problem Scale |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CRDQ | CRDQ | ||||
Frequency Scale | −0.32 ** | −0.20 ** | Frequency Scale | −0.31 ** | −0.23 ** |
Problem Scale | 0.18 ** | 0.32 ** | Problem Scale | 0.21 ** | 0.29 ** |
CRC | CRC | ||||
Frequency Scale | 0.71 ** | 0.46 ** | Frequency Scale | 0.66 ** | 0.41 ** |
Problem Scale | 0.44 ** | 0.71 ** | Problem Scale | 0.41 ** | 0.71 ** |
Scale/Ratio | Mother Ratings | |||||
ECBI Intensity Score ≥ 111 | ECBI Intensity Score < 111 | t (df) | d | |||
N | M (SD) | N | M (SD) | |||
CRDQ Frequency | 329 | 72.88 (9.96) | 1257 | 78.08 (10.20) | −8.27 (1584) *** | 0.52 |
CRDQ Problem | 322 | 0.63 (1.53) | 1220 | 0.19 (0.94) | 4.88 (386) *** | 0.34 |
CRC Frequency | 315 | 34.20 (10.70) | 1217 | 22.51 (6.64) | 18.50 (378) *** | 1.31 |
CRC Problem | 303 | 3.25 (3.35) | 1152 | 1.05 (2.08) | 10.87 (364) *** | 0.79 |
CRBI Ratio | 314 | 2.33 (0.77) | 1210 | 3.78 (1.22) | −26.07 (755) *** | 1.42 |
Scale/Ratio | Father Ratings | |||||
ECBI Intensity Score ≥ 111 | ECBI Intensity Score < 111 | t (df) | d | |||
N | M (SD) | N | M (SD) | |||
CRDQ Frequency | 257 | 65.56 (11.08) | 790 | 71.69 (12.23) | −7.14 (1045) *** | 0.53 |
CRDQ Problem | 252 | 0.49 (1.19) | 758 | 0.18 (0.70) | 4.00 (310) *** | 0.33 |
CRC Frequency | 220 | 33.39 (8.86) | 684 | 22.94 (6.77) | 16.05 (305) *** | 1.33 |
CRC Problem | 215 | 2.73 (3.56) | 650 | 0.81 (1.85) | 7.59 (253) *** | 0.68 |
CRBI Ratio | 217 | 2.12 (0.73) | 676 | 3.41 (1.22) | −18.96 (616) *** | 1.28 |
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Briegel, W.; Greuel, J.; Stroth, S.; Heinrichs, N. Parents’ Perception of Their 2–10-Year-Old Children’s Contribution to The Dyadic Parent-Child Relationship in Terms of Positive and Negative Behaviors. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 1123. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071123
Briegel W, Greuel J, Stroth S, Heinrichs N. Parents’ Perception of Their 2–10-Year-Old Children’s Contribution to The Dyadic Parent-Child Relationship in Terms of Positive and Negative Behaviors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(7):1123. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071123
Chicago/Turabian StyleBriegel, Wolfgang, Jan Greuel, Sanna Stroth, and Nina Heinrichs. 2019. "Parents’ Perception of Their 2–10-Year-Old Children’s Contribution to The Dyadic Parent-Child Relationship in Terms of Positive and Negative Behaviors" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 7: 1123. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071123