Offers of Cigarettes and E-Cigarettes Among High School Students: A Population Study from California
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Participants
2.2. Measures
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Offers of Cigarettes
3.2. Offers of E-Cigarettes
3.3. Offers of Cigarettes and E-Cigarettes According to Susceptibility to Future Product Use
4. Discussion
Limitations and Strengths
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Student Characteristic | % of Students (95% CI) |
---|---|
Gender | |
Female | 50.7 (49.2–52.1) |
Male | 49.3 (47.9–50.8) |
Grade | |
10 | 51.3 (48.4–54.2) |
12 | 48.7 (45.8–51.6) |
Ethnicity | |
Non-Hispanic White | 16.7 (13.2–20.2) |
Non-Hispanic Black | 3.4 (2.2–4.6) |
Hispanic | 54.9 (49.3–60.6) |
Non-Hispanic Asian | 13.4 (9.3–17.6) |
Non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander / Other | 3.3 (2.7–3.9) |
Non-Hispanic Multiple | 8.2 (7.2–9.2) |
Cigarette smoking status | |
Non-susceptible never smoker | 74.1 (72.9-75.3) |
Susceptible never smoker | 12.0 (11.2–12.8) |
Non-current smoker | 10.2 (9.5–10.9) |
Current smoker | 3.7 (3.3–4.2) |
E-cigarette use status | |
Non-susceptible never user | 55.0 (53.2–56.9) |
Susceptible never user | 14.8 (13.9–15.7) |
Non-current user | 22.8 (20.9–24.6) |
Current user | 7.4 (6.5–8.3) |
Proportion of friends that smoke cigarettes | |
None | 55.8 (53.7–57.8) |
Some | 38.5 (36.9–40.1) |
Most | 4.2 (3.7–4.7) |
All | 1.5 (1.3–1.8) |
Proportion of friends that use e-cigarettes | |
None | 52.1 (49.9–54.3) |
Some | 37.8 (36.6–39.1) |
Most | 8.0 (6.9–9.1) |
All | 2.0 (1.7–2.3) |
Sensation seeking | |
Disagree | 48.3 (47.0–49.6) |
Agree | 51.7 (50.4–53.0) |
Academic achievement | |
Mostly As and Bs | 52.9 (49.6–56.2) |
Mostly Bs and Cs | 32.8 (30.9–34.8) |
Mostly Cs and Ds | 10.7 (9.5–12.0) |
Mostly Ds and Fs | 3.5 (3.0–4.1) |
Student Characteristic | % of Students (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) a |
---|---|---|
Overall | 11.1 (10.1–12.2) | – |
Gender | ||
Female | 9.7 (8.5–10.9) | 1.00 |
Male | 12.6 (11.5–13.8) | 1.21 (1.19, 1.23) * |
Grade | ||
10 | 8.8 (7.7–9.9) | 1.00 |
12 | 13.5 (12.3–14.8) | 1.36 (1.34, 1.39) * |
Ethnicity | ||
Non-Hispanic White | 14.7 (13.4–16.1) | 1.00 |
Non-Hispanic Black | 7.0 (5.5–8.5) | 0.71 (0.66, 0.75) * |
Hispanic | 11.4 (10.0–12.8) | 0.81 (0.79, 0.84) * |
Non-Hispanic Asian | 5.6 (4.7–6.5) | 0.53 (0.51, 0.55) * |
Non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native/Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander/Other | 13.0 (10.3–15.7) | 0.84 (0.80, 0.88) * |
Non-Hispanic Multiple | 11.8 (10.0–13.6) | 0.82 (0.79, 0.86) * |
Cigarette smoking status | ||
Non-susceptible never smoker | 4.5 (4.0–5.0) | 1.00 |
Susceptible never smoker | 14.4 (12.5–16.3) | 2.63 (2.57, 2.69) * |
Non-current smoker | 28.9 (26.0–31.8) | 5.08 (4.97, 5.20) * |
Current smoker | 83.4 (80.9–85.9) | 47.68 (45.96, 49.46) * |
Proportion of friends that smoke | ||
None | 3.1 (2.7–3.5) | 1.00 |
Some | 18.1 (16.8–19.3) | 4.02 (3.93, 4.11) * |
Most | 39.8 (34.7–44.9) | 8.46 (8.18, 8.76) * |
All | 49.9 (44.1–55.7) | 10.53 (10.03, 11.07) * |
Sensation seeking | ||
Disagree | 5.8 (5.0–6.6) | 1.00 |
Agree | 16.1 (14.7-17.6) | 1.64 (1.61, 1.67) * |
Academic achievement | ||
Mostly As and Bs | 8.9 (8.0–9.8) | 1.00 |
Mostly Bs and Cs | 12.5 (11.0–14.0) | 1.06 (1.04, 1.08) * |
Mostly Cs and Ds | 15.3 (13.4–17.2) | 1.08 (1.05, 1.11) * |
Mostly Ds and Fs | 19.2 (16.6–21.8) | 1.14 (1.09, 1.19) * |
Student Characteristic | % of Students (95%CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) a |
---|---|---|
Overall | 16.1 (14.7–17.5) | - |
Gender | ||
Female | 13.9 (12.4–15.3) | 1.00 |
Male | 18.4 (16.8–20.1) | 1.13 (1.11, 1.15) * |
Grade | ||
10 | 14.0 (12.5–15.6) | 1.00 |
12 | 18.3 (16.7–19.9) | 1.10 (1.08, 1.11) * |
Ethnicity | ||
Non-Hispanic White | 21.9 (18.6–25.2) | 1.00 |
Non-Hispanic Black | 10.5 (8.2–12.8) | 0.72 (0.69, 0.76) * |
Hispanic | 15.9 (14.6–17.2) | 0.79 (0.77, 0.81) * |
Non-Hispanic Asian | 9.8 (8.3–11.4) | 0.64 (0.62, 0.66) * |
Non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native / Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander / Other | 15.8 (12.8–18.8) | 0.73 (0.69, 0.76) * |
Non-Hispanic Multiple | 18.7 (16.7–20.7) | 0.88 (0.85, 0.91) * |
E-cigarette use status | ||
Non-susceptible never user | 4.2 (3.7–4.6) | 1.00 |
Susceptible never user | 16.7 (14.6–18.8) | 2.97 (2.90, 3.05) * |
Non-current user | 25.5 (23.6–27.4) | 3.81 (3.73, 3.89) * |
Current user | 75.1 (71.9–78.3) | 22.13 (21.53, 22.75) * |
Proportion of friends that use e-cigarettes | ||
None | 2.9 (2.6–3.2) | 1.00 |
Some | 22.6 (21.3–23.8) | 5.14 (5.02, 5.25) * |
Most | 58.4 (55.1–61.6) | 16.95 (16.49, 17.42) * |
All | 69.3 (65.0–73.7) | 23.31 (22.28, 24.39) * |
Sensation seeking | ||
No | 9.3 (8.2–10.4) | 1.00 |
Yes | 22.5 (20.6–24.3) | 1.33 (1.31, 1.35) * |
Academic achievement | ||
Mostly As and Bs | 13.8 (12.4–15.2) | 1.00 |
Mostly Bs and Cs | 17.7 (15.7–19.6) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.02) |
Mostly Cs and Ds | 20.4 (18.3–22.6) | 1.09 (1.07, 1.12) * |
Mostly Ds and Fs | 23.5 (20.8–26.2) | 1.02 (0.98, 1.06) |
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Cole, A.G.; Cummins, S.E.; Zhu, S.-H. Offers of Cigarettes and E-Cigarettes Among High School Students: A Population Study from California. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 1143. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071143
Cole AG, Cummins SE, Zhu S-H. Offers of Cigarettes and E-Cigarettes Among High School Students: A Population Study from California. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(7):1143. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071143
Chicago/Turabian StyleCole, Adam G., Sharon E. Cummins, and Shu-Hong Zhu. 2019. "Offers of Cigarettes and E-Cigarettes Among High School Students: A Population Study from California" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 7: 1143. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071143