A Land Use/Land Cover Based Green Development Study for Different Functional Regions in the Jiangsu Province, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Datasets and Pre-Processing
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Vegetation Carbon Densities for Different LULC Types
Woodland
Cultivated Land
Other Lands
2.3.2. Soil Organic Carbon Densities for Different LULC Types
2.3.3. LULC Changes and Driving Forces Analysis
2.3.4. Carbon Storage Changes Caused by LULC Changes
3. Results
3.1. Carbon Densities of Different LULC Types
3.2. Quantitative Changes in LULC in the Four Functional Regions
3.3. Spatiotemporal Changes in LULC in the Four Functional Regions
3.4. Driving Forces of LULC Changes
3.5. Effects of LULC Changes on Carbon Storage in the Four Functional Regions
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
5.1. Conclusions
- (1)
- LULC presented a more obvious change between 2005 and 2010. The built-up land expansion was obvious in four functional regions, especially in the Yangtze River City Group. Water area in both the Coastal Economic Belt and the Jianghuai Ecological Economic Region increased obviously. Woodland area in the Huaihai Economic Region decreased between 1995 and 2015, with the greatest rate of −22.62% during the period of 2005 to 2010.
- (2)
- Between 1995 and 2015, approximately 10.26% of the entire province’s land area had its LULC types changed and expansion of built-up land and declining ecological land were the main LULC types change characteristics, which were mainly caused by socioeconomic development. Due to land use policy, the four functional regions also presented different LULC changes.
- (3)
- The total carbon storage of the entire province decreased by 714.03 × 104 t and the four regions all presented decreasing carbon storage. Cultivated land-built-up land is the main transfer type to carbon storage loss, with the decreased amount reaching 631.30 × 104 t, accounting for 88.41% of the total carbon storage loss. The decrease in carbon storage was largest for the Yangtze River City Group (387.93 × 104 t) because it presented the most obvious built-up land expansion. With much less built-up land expansion and a smaller SOCD difference between built-up land and cultivated land, the decrease in carbon storage in the Huaihai Economic Region was the least at 57.04 × 104 t.
5.2. Policy Implications
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | Crop Species | Hi | Cf | Carbon Storage (Tg) | Carbon Density (kg/m2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food crops | Wheat | 0.40 | 0.49 | 14.38 | 0.66 |
Rice | 0.45 | 0.41 | 17.79 | 0.78 | |
Corn | 0.40 | 0.47 | 2.96 | 0.66 | |
Sorghum | 0.35 | 0.45 | 0.00 | 0.96 | |
Millet | 0.40 | 0.45 | 0.00 | 0.16 | |
Yam | 0.70 | 0.42 | 0.20 | 0.37 | |
Soya bean | 0.34 | 0.45 | 0.64 | 0.32 | |
Others | 0.40 | 0.45 | 3.43 | 0.70 | |
Total | -- | -- | 35.98 | 0.63 | |
Cash crops | Cotton | 0.10 | 0.45 | 0.53 | 0.56 |
Peanut | 0.43 | 0.45 | 0.37 | 0.41 | |
Rapeseed | 0.25 | 0.45 | 1.91 | 0.51 | |
Sugar cane | 0.50 | 0.45 | 0.04 | 2.76 | |
Tobacco leaf | 0.60 | 0.50 | 0.00 | 0.14 | |
Others | 0.42 | 0.45 | 0.02 | 0.20 | |
Total | -- | -- | 2.85 | 0.50 | |
Other crops | Vegetable | -- | 0.50 | 25.18 | 1.76 |
Fruit | -- | 0.50 | 2.77 | 1.70 | |
Total | -- | -- | 27.95 | 1.75 |
LULC Type | Vegetation Carbon Density (kg/m2) | LULC Type | Vegetation Carbon Density (kg/m2) |
---|---|---|---|
Cultivated land | 1.13 | Water area | 0.00 |
Woodland | 1.94 | Built-up land | 0.11 |
Grassland | 0.21 | Unused land | 0.00 |
Region | Yangtze River City Group | Coastal Economic Belt | Jianghuai Ecological Economic Region | Huaihai Economic Region | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
LULC Type | |||||
Cultivated land | 3.50 | 2.63 | 3.10 | 2.67 | |
Woodland | 3.57 | 2.44 | 2.82 | 2.87 | |
Grassland | 3.45 | 1.82 | 3.09 | 3.46 | |
Water area | 3.85 | 2.35 | 3.15 | 2.96 | |
Built-up land | 3.73 | 2.57 | 2.91 | 2.93 | |
Unused land | 3.46 | 1.80 | 2.96 | 3.41 | |
Mean | 3.59 | 2.27 | 3.00 | 3.05 |
Region | LULC Tape | Area (km2) | Change Rate (%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1995–2000 | 2000–2005 | 2005–2010 | 2010–2015 | 1995–2000 | 2000–2005 | 2005–2010 | 2010–2015 | ||
Yangtze River City Group | Cultivated land | −488.19 | −1035.46 | −2580.30 | −544.35 | −2.04 | −4.41 | −11.51 | −2.74 |
Woodland | −31.01 | −2.21 | −50.96 | −12.20 | −1.64 | −0.12 | −2.75 | −0.68 | |
Grassland | −3.98 | −3.87 | −19.14 | 20.80 | −2.34 | −2.34 | −11.82 | 14.58 | |
Water area | 53.99 | 225.04 | 224.51 | −97.48 | 1.67 | 6.84 | 6.39 | −2.61 | |
Built-up land | 472.90 | 816.50 | 2358.55 | 632.46 | 10.52 | 16.44 | 40.78 | 7.77 | |
Unused land | −1.91 | 0.00 | 67.33 | −1.04 | −16.69 | −0.02 | 706.86 | −1.35 | |
Coastal Economic Belt | Cultivated land | 45.83 | −48.94 | −698.14 | −2.78 | 0.24 | −0.26 | −3.70 | −0.02 |
Woodland | −1.27 | −0.18 | −27.48 | −27.02 | −0.38 | −0.05 | −8.15 | −8.73 | |
Grassland | −141.27 | −41.79 | −101.33 | −14.05 | −29.03 | −12.10 | −33.39 | −6.95 | |
Water area | 62.93 | 3.43 | 220.66 | −14.34 | 7.48 | 0.38 | 24.31 | −1.27 | |
Built-up land | 33.97 | 87.48 | 536.37 | 115.37 | 1.12 | 2.84 | 16.95 | 3.12 | |
Unused land | −0.14 | 0.00 | 69.91 | −57.23 | −100.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −81.85 | |
Jianghui Ecological Economic Region | Cultivated land | −159.68 | −117.52 | −1028.28 | −223.82 | −0.85 | −0.63 | −5.55 | −1.28 |
Woodland | −0.50 | 7.59 | −48.64 | −5.11 | −0.12 | 1.75 | −11.01 | −1.30 | |
Grassland | −0.31 | −1.36 | −27.74 | 3.25 | −0.19 | −0.81 | −16.60 | 2.33 | |
Water area | 109.13 | 52.57 | 150.11 | 10.29 | 2.38 | 1.12 | 3.17 | 0.21 | |
Built-up land | 52.59 | 58.72 | 945.13 | 213.69 | 1.28 | 1.41 | 22.43 | 4.14 | |
Unused land | −0.26 | 0.00 | 9.42 | 0.75 | −100.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 7.91 | |
Huaihai Economic Region | Cultivated land | −92.35 | 1.05 | −250.26 | −91.31 | −1.23 | 0.01 | −3.36 | −1.27 |
Woodland | −5.78 | −0.01 | −121.03 | −2.15 | −1.07 | 0.00 | −22.62 | −0.52 | |
Grassland | −0.63 | 0.00 | −20.52 | 3.17 | −1.30 | 0.00 | −42.98 | 11.64 | |
Water area | 6.07 | −0.74 | −14.94 | 0.99 | 1.21 | −0.15 | −2.94 | 0.20 | |
Built-up land | 93.88 | −0.30 | 405.49 | 86.87 | 4.92 | −0.02 | 20.25 | 3.61 | |
Unused land | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.26 | 1.24 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 36.83 | 26.49 |
Region | 2015 | Cultivated Land | Woodland | Grassland | Water Area | Built-up Land | Unused Land | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1995 | |||||||||
Yangtze River City Group | Cultivated land | 19,174.32 | 43.74 | 16.20 | 602.64 | 4161.78 | 22.68 | 24,021.36 | |
Woodland | 9.72 | 1732.59 | 0.00 | 4.05 | 104.49 | 30.78 | 1881.63 | ||
Grassland | 5.67 | 1.62 | 132.84 | 16.20 | 16.20 | 0.00 | 172.53 | ||
Water area | 58.32 | 0.81 | 15.39 | 2988.90 | 136.08 | 3.24 | 3202.74 | ||
Built-up land | 82.62 | 7.29 | 0.00 | 21.06 | 4365.09 | 5.67 | 4481.73 | ||
Unused land | 0.00 | 1.62 | 0.00 | 1.62 | 0.00 | 4.05 | 7.29 | ||
Total | 19,330.65 | 1787.67 | 164.43 | 3634.47 | 8783.64 | 66.42 | 33,767.28 | ||
Coastal Economic Belt | Cultivated land | 17,814.33 | 8.10 | 9.72 | 92.34 | 937.98 | 3.24 | 18,865.71 | |
Woodland | 45.36 | 278.64 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 16.20 | 1.62 | 341.82 | ||
Grassland | 195.21 | 0.00 | 154.71 | 106.92 | 34.02 | 0.00 | 490.86 | ||
Water area | 30.78 | 0.00 | 16.20 | 766.26 | 44.55 | 9.72 | 867.51 | ||
Built-up land | 73.71 | 0.00 | 8.10 | 172.53 | 2775.06 | 0.00 | 3029.40 | ||
Unused land | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||
Total | 18,159.39 | 286.74 | 188.73 | 1138.05 | 3807.81 | 14.58 | 23,595.30 | ||
Jianghui Ecological Economic Region | Cultivated land | 17,113.68 | 4.86 | 1.62 | 361.26 | 1315.44 | 8.91 | 18,805.77 | |
Woodland | 30.78 | 382.32 | 0.00 | 4.86 | 11.34 | 0.00 | 429.30 | ||
Grassland | 0.81 | 0.00 | 144.18 | 30.78 | 0.81 | 0.00 | 176.58 | ||
Water area | 52.65 | 0.81 | 0.00 | 4503.60 | 21.06 | 4.05 | 4582.17 | ||
Built-up land | 46.17 | 0.00 | 0.81 | 7.29 | 4035.42 | 0.81 | 4090.50 | ||
Unused land | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||
Total | 17,244.09 | 387.99 | 146.61 | 4907.79 | 5384.07 | 13.77 | 28,084.32 | ||
Huaihai Economic Region | Cultivated land | 6980.58 | 2.43 | 1.62 | 13.77 | 553.23 | 1.62 | 7553.25 | |
Woodland | 103.68 | 388.80 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 29.16 | 0.00 | 521.64 | ||
Grassland | 14.58 | 0.00 | 31.59 | 0.00 | 6.48 | 0.00 | 52.65 | ||
Water area | 4.86 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 478.71 | 19.44 | 1.62 | 504.63 | ||
Built-up land | 12.15 | 1.62 | 0.00 | 3.24 | 1895.40 | 0.81 | 1913.22 | ||
Unused land | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.24 | 3.24 | ||
Total | 7115.85 | 392.85 | 33.21 | 495.72 | 2503.71 | 7.29 | 10,548.63 |
Y1 | Y2 | Y3 | Y1 | Y2 | Y3 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X1 | –0.903 ** | 0.957 ** | 0.984 ** | X6 | –0.955 ** | -- | 0.967 ** |
X2 | -- | 0.884 ** | 0.954 ** | X7 | –0.941 ** | -- | 0.927 ** |
X3 | –0.942 ** | 0.873 ** | 0.917 ** | X8 | 0.938 ** | -- | -- |
X4 | –0.949 ** | -- | -- | X9 | -- | 0.934 ** | -- |
X5 | –0.895 ** | 0.974 ** | 0.986 ** | X10 | -- | 0.917 ** | -- |
Region | 2015 | Cultivated Land | Woodland | Grassland | Water Area | Built-up Land | Unused Land | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1995 | |||||||||
Yangtze River City Group | Cultivated land | 0.00 | 3.85 | −1.57 | −47.01 | −328.78 | −2.65 | −376.16 | |
Woodland | −0.86 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.67 | −17.45 | −6.31 | −25.29 | ||
Grassland | 0.55 | 0.30 | 0.00 | 0.31 | 0.29 | 0.00 | 1.45 | ||
Water area | 4.55 | 0.13 | −0.29 | 0.00 | −0.14 | −0.13 | 4.13 | ||
Built-up land | 6.53 | 1.22 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | −0.22 | 7.55 | ||
Unused land | 0.00 | 0.33 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.40 | ||
Total | 10.77 | 5.83 | −1.86 | −47.29 | −346.07 | −9.31 | −387.93 | ||
Coastal Economic Belt | Cultivated land | 0.00 | 0.50 | −1.68 | −13.02 | −101.30 | −0.64 | −116.14 | |
Woodland | −2.81 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −2.75 | −0.42 | −5.98 | ||
Grassland | 33.77 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.42 | 2.21 | 0.00 | 39.40 | ||
Water area | 4.34 | 0.00 | −0.52 | 0.00 | 1.47 | −0.53 | 4.76 | ||
Built-up land | 7.96 | 0.00 | −0.53 | −5.69 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.74 | ||
Unused land | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||
Total | 43.26 | 0.50 | −2.73 | −15.29 | −100.37 | −1.59 | −76.22 | ||
Jianghui Ecological Economic Region | Cultivated land | 0.00 | 0.26 | −0.15 | −39.02 | −159.17 | −1.13 | −199.21 | |
Woodland | −1.63 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.78 | −1.97 | 0.00 | −4.39 | ||
Grassland | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.46 | −0.02 | 0.00 | −0.41 | ||
Water area | 5.69 | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.27 | −0.08 | 5.47 | ||
Built-up land | 5.59 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 5.70 | ||
Unused land | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||
Total | 9.72 | 0.39 | −0.13 | −40.17 | −161.44 | −1.21 | −192.84 | ||
Huaihai Economic Region | Cultivated land | 0.00 | 0.25 | −0.02 | −1.16 | −42.05 | −0.06 | −43.04 | |
Woodland | −10.47 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −5.16 | 0.00 | −15.63 | ||
Grassland | 0.19 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.41 | 0.00 | −0.22 | ||
Water area | 0.41 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.16 | 0.07 | 0.64 | ||
Built-up land | 0.92 | 0.29 | 0.00 | −0.03 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 1.21 | ||
Unused land | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||
Total | −8.95 | 0.53 | −0.02 | −1.18 | −47.46 | 0.04 | −57.04 |
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Guo, X.; Chuai, X.; Huang, X. A Land Use/Land Cover Based Green Development Study for Different Functional Regions in the Jiangsu Province, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 1277. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071277
Guo X, Chuai X, Huang X. A Land Use/Land Cover Based Green Development Study for Different Functional Regions in the Jiangsu Province, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(7):1277. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071277
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuo, Xiaomin, Xiaowei Chuai, and Xianjin Huang. 2019. "A Land Use/Land Cover Based Green Development Study for Different Functional Regions in the Jiangsu Province, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 7: 1277. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071277