Limited Knowledge of Chronic Kidney Disease among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in India
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Study Setting
2.2. Study Population
2.3. Questionnaire Used
2.4. Clinical and Laboratory Analysis
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Patient’s Knowledge of CKD
3.2. Factors Influencing CKD knowledge
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Male | Female | Total | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age groups | >0.999 | |||
≥50 | 93 (59.6%) | 99 (59.3%) | 192 (59.4%) | |
<50 | 63 (40.4%) | 68 (40.7%) | 131 (40.6%) | |
Marital Status | >0.999 | |||
Married | 150 (96.2%) | 161 (96.4%) | 311 (96.3%) | |
Unmarried | 6 (3.85%) | 6 (3.59%) | 12 (3.72%) | |
Family History of Diabetes | 0.8223 | |||
Yes | 69 (44.2%) | 71 (42.5%) | 140 (43.3%) | |
No | 87 (55.8%) | 96 (57.5%) | 183 (56.7%) | |
Substance Use | 0.0459 | |||
Yes | 43 (27.6%) | 30 (18.0%) | 73 (22.6%) | |
No | 113 (72.4%) | 137 (82.0%) | 250 (77.4%) | |
Education | 0.0077 | |||
Literate | 111 (71.2%) | 94 (56.3%) | 205 (63.5%) | |
Illiterate | 45 (28.8%) | 73 (43.7%) | 118 (36.5%) | |
Occupation | 0.0308 | |||
Employed | 98 (62.8%) | 124 (74.3%) | 222 (68.7%) | |
Unemployed | 58 (37.2%) | 43 (25.7%) | 101 (31.3%) | |
Socioeconomic Status | 0.0324 | |||
Middle | 43 (27.6%) | 29 (17.4%) | 72 (22.3%) | |
Lower | 113 (72.4%) | 138 (82.6%) | 251 (77.7%) | |
CKD Stage | 0.3724 | |||
Stage III | 48 (30.8%) | 63 (37.7%) | 111 (34.4%) | |
Stage II | 65 (41.7%) | 66 (39.5%) | 131 (40.6%) | |
Stage I | 43 (27.6%) | 38 (22.8%) | 81 (25.1%) | |
HTN Stage | 0.6244 | |||
Stage I HTN | 40 (25.6%) | 36 (21.6%) | 76 (23.5%) | |
Stage II HTN | 23 (14.7%) | 33 (19.8%) | 56 (17.3%) | |
Prehypertension | 43 (27.6%) | 46 (27.5%) | 89 (27.6%) | |
Normal | 50 (32.1%) | 52 (31.1%) | 102 (31.6%) | |
BMI Categories | 0.6529 | |||
Overweight | 61 (39.1%) | 59 (35.3%) | 120 (37.2%) | |
Obese | 32 (20.5%) | 41 (24.6%) | 73 (22.6%) | |
Normal | 63 (40.4%) | 67 (40.1%) | 130 (40.2%) | |
Co-morbidities | 0.6431 | |||
Yes | 53 (34.0%) | 61 (36.5%) | 114 (35.3%) | |
No | 103 (66.0%) | 106 (63.5%) | 209 (64.7%) | |
Duration of diabetes | 0.3743 | |||
Less than 10 years | 79 (50.6%) | 89 (53.3%) | 168 (52.0%) | |
More than 10 years | 77 (49.4%) | 78 (46.7%) | 155 (48.0%) | |
Duration of HTN | ||||
Less than 5 years | 44 (63.76%) | 37 (58.73%) | 81 (61.36%) | 0.5942 |
More than 5 years | 25 (36.23%) | 26 (41.26%) | 51 (38.63%) |
Variables | Less than 4 Correct Answers | At least 4 Correct Answers | Total | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age Groups | 0.5832 | |||
≥50 | 153 (60.2%) | 39 (56.5%) | 192 (59.4%) | |
<50 | 101 (39.8%) | 30 (43.5%) | 131 (40.6%) | |
Gender | 0.2231 | |||
Female | 136 (53.5%) | 31 (44.9%) | 167 (51.7%) | |
Male | 118 (46.5%) | 38 (55.1%) | 156 (48.3%) | |
Family History of Diabetes | 0.1018 | |||
Yes | 104 (40.9%) | 36 (52.2%) | 140 (43.3%) | |
No | 150 (59.1%) | 33 (47.8%) | 183 (56.7%) | |
Substance Use | 0.8724 | |||
Yes | 57 (22.4%) | 16 (23.2%) | 73 (22.6%) | |
No | 197 (77.6%) | 53 (76.8%) | 250 (77.4%) | |
Education | 0.004 | |||
Literate | 151 (59.44%) | 54 (78.26%) | 205 (63.5%) | |
Illiterate | 103 (40.56%) | 15 (21.74%) | 118 (36.5%) | |
Occupation | 0.0783 | |||
Employed | 181 (71.3%) | 41 (59.4%) | 222 (68.7%) | |
Unemployed | 73 (28.7%) | 28 (40.6%) | 101 (31.3%) | |
Socioeconomic Status | 0.0003 | |||
Middle | 45 (17.7%) | 27 (39.1%) | 72 (22.3%) | |
Lower | 209 (82.3%) | 42 (60.9%) | 251 (77.7%) | |
Monthly Family Income | 0.0034 | |||
More than 20,000 INR | 34 (13.4%) | 20 (29.0%) | 54 (16.7%) | |
Less than 20,000 INR | 220 (86.6%) | 49 (71.0%) | 269 (83.3%) | |
CKD Stages | 0.5453 | |||
Stage III | 89 (35.0%) | 22 (31.9%) | 111 (34.4%) | |
Stage II | 99 (39.0%) | 32 (46.4%) | 131 (40.6%) | |
Stage I | 66 (26.0%) | 15 (21.7%) | 81 (25.1%) | |
HTN Stages | 0.4704 | |||
Stage I HTN | 63 (24.8%) | 13 (18.8%) | 76 (23.5%) | |
Stage II HTN | 40 (15.7%) | 16 (23.2%) | 56 (17.3%) | |
Prehypertension | 70 (27.6%) | 19 (27.5%) | 89 (27.6%) | |
Normal | 81 (31.9%) | 21 (30.4%) | 102 (31.6%) | |
Glycemic Control | 0.1321 | |||
Poor (HbA1c ≥ 7) | 187 (73.6%) | 44 (63.8%) | 231 (71.5%) | |
Good (HbA1c < 7) | 67 (26.4%) | 25 (36.2%) | 92 (28.5%) | |
BMI Categories | 0.5314 | |||
Overweight | 97 (38.2%) | 23 (33.3%) | 120 (37.2%) | |
Obese | 59 (23.2%) | 14 (20.3%) | 73 (22.6%) | |
Normal | 98 (38.6%) | 32 (46.4%) | 130 (40.2%) | |
Co-morbidities | 0.4791 | |||
Yes | 87 (34.3%) | 27 (39.1%) | 114 (35.3%) | |
No | 167 (65.7%) | 42 (60.9%) | 209 (64.7%) | |
Duration of Diabetes | 0.3418 | |||
Less than 10 years | 136 (53.5%) | 32 (46.4%) | 168 (52.0%) | |
More than 10 years | 118 (46.5%) | 37 (53.6%) | 155 (48.0%) | |
Duration of HTN | ||||
Less than 5 years | 66 (62.85%) | 15 (55.55%) | 81 (61.36%) | 0.5123 |
More than 5 years | 39 (37.15%) | 12 (44.45%) | 51 (38.63%) |
Variables | C_Q1 (Anatomy) | IC_Q1 (Anatomy) | Odds Ratio | C_Q2 (Physiology) | IC_Q2 (Physiology) | Odds Ratio | C_Q3 (Etiology) | IC_Q3 (Etiology) | Odds Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age Groups | |||||||||
≥50 | 66 (20.4%) | 126 (39.0%) | 0.796 (0.503, 1.260) | 80 (24.8%) | 112 (34.7%) | 0.771 (0.493, 1.205) | 154 (47.7%) | 38 (11.8%) | 1.536 (0.911, 2.590) |
<50 | 52 (16.1%) | 79 (24.5%) | Reference | 63 (19.5%) | 68 (21.1%) | Reference | 95 (29.4%) | 36 (11.1%) | Reference |
Gender | |||||||||
Female | 60 (18.5%) | 107 (33.1%) | 0.947 (0.602, 1.491) | 70 (21.7%) | 97 (30.0%) | 0.821 (0.529, 1.274) | 126 (39.0%) | 41 (12.7%) | 0.825 (0.490, 1.389) |
Male | 58 (18.0%) | 98 (30.3%) | Reference | 73 (22.6%) | 83 (25.7%) | Reference | 123 (38.1%) | 33 (10.2%) | Reference |
Family History of Diabetes | |||||||||
Yes | 56 (17.3%) | 84 (26.0%) | 1.301 (0.825, 2.053) | 72 (22.3%) | 68 (21.1%) | 1.670 (1.070, 2.607) | 115 (35.6%) | 25 (7.74%) | 1.682 (0.978, 2.893) |
No | 62 (19.2%) | 121 (37.5%) | Reference | 71 (22.0%) | 112 (34.7%) | Reference | 134 (41.5%) | 49 (15.2%) | Reference |
Substance Use | |||||||||
Yes | 30 (9.29%) | 43 (13.3%) | 1.284 (0.753, 2.190) | 34 (10.5%) | 39 (12.1%) | 1.128 (0.668, 1.903) | 61 (18.9%) | 12 (3.72%) | 1.676 (0.847, 3.317) |
No | 88 (27.2%) | 162 (50.2%) | Reference | 109 (33.7%) | 141 (43.7%) | Reference | 188 (58.2%) | 62 (19.2%) | Reference |
Education | |||||||||
Literate | 74 (22.9%) | 131 (40.6%) | 0.950 (0.594, 1.519) | 87 (26.9%) | 118 (36.5%) | 0.816 (0.518, 1.287) | 162 (50.2%) | 43 (13.3%) | 1.342 (0.790, 2.281) |
Illiterate | 44 (13.6%) | 74 (22.9%) | Reference | 56 (17.3%) | 62 (19.2%) | Reference | 87 (26.9%) | 31 (9.60%) | Reference |
Occupation | |||||||||
Employed | 76 (23.5%) | 146 (45.2%) | 0.731 (0.451, 1.185) | 92 (28.5%) | 130 (40.2%) | 0.694 (0.432, 1.113) | 170 (52.6%) | 52 (16.1%) | 0.910 (0.517, 1.603) |
Unemployed | 42 (13.0%) | 59 (18.3%) | Reference | 51 (15.8%) | 50 (15.5%) | Reference | 79 (24.5%) | 22 (6.81%) | Reference |
Socioeconomic Status | |||||||||
Middle | 34 (10.5%) | 38 (11.8%) | 1.779 (1.045, 3.028) * | 45 (13.9%) | 27 (8.36%) | 2.602 (1.516, 4.467) ** | 63 (19.5%) | 9 (2.79%) | 2.446 (1.152, 5.196) * |
Lower | 84 (26.0%) | 167 (51.7%) | Reference | 98 (30.3%) | 153 (47.4%) | Reference | 186 (57.6%) | 65 (20.1%) | Reference |
Family Income | |||||||||
More than 20,000 INR (monthly) | 27 (8.36%) | 27 (8.36%) | 1.956 (1.084, 3.529) * | 32 (9.91%) | 22 (6.81%) | 2.070 (1.142, 3.752) * | 47 (14.6%) | 7 (2.17%) | 2.227 (0.961, 5.162) * |
Less than 20,000 INR (monthly) | 91 (28.2%) | 178 (55.1%) | Reference | 111 (34.4%) | 158 (48.9%) | Reference | 202 (62.5%) | 67 (20.7%) | Reference |
CKD Stage | |||||||||
Stage III | 36 (11.1%) | 75 (23.2%) | 0.861 (0.471, 1.574) | 46 (14.2%) | 65 (20.1%) | 1.269 (0.703, 2.291) | 86 (26.6%) | 25 (7.74%) | 1.536 (0.803, 2.937) |
Stage II | 53 (16.4%) | 78 (24.1%) | 1.218 (0.687, 2.160) | 68 (21.1%) | 63 (19.5%) | 1.935 (1.096, 3.419) * | 107 (33.1%) | 24 (7.43%) | 1.990 (1.042, 3.800) |
Stage I | 29 (8.98%) | 52 (16.1%) | Reference | 29 (8.98%) | 52 (16.1%) | Reference | 56 (17.3%) | 25 (7.74%) | Reference |
HTN Stage | |||||||||
Stage I HTN | 24 (7.43%) | 52 (16.1%) | 0.659 (0.353, 1.231) | 31 (9.60%) | 45 (13.9%) | 0.908 (0.497, 1.659) | 46 (14.2%) | 30 (9.29%) | 0.307 (0.153, 0.614) ** |
Stage II HTN | 23 (7.12%) | 33 (10.2%) | 0.996 (0.513, 1.931) | 34 (10.5%) | 22 (6.81%) | 2.037 (1.049, 3.958) ** | 44 (13.6%) | 12 (3.72%) | 0.733 (0.322, 1.671) |
Prehypertension | 29 (8.98%) | 60 (18.6%) | 0.690 (0.381, 1.250) | 34 (10.5%) | 55 (17.0%) | 0.815 (0.456, 1.455) | 74 (22.9%) | 15 (4.64%) | 0.987 (0.461, 2.112) |
Normal | 42 (13.0%) | 60 (18.6%) | Reference | 44 (13.6%) | 58 (18.0%) | Reference | 85 (26.3%) | 17 (5.26%) | Reference |
BMI Categories | |||||||||
Overweight | 39 (12.1%) | 81 (25.1%) | 0.770 (0.458, 1.296) | 54 (16.7%) | 66 (20.4%) | 1.152 (0.698, 1.900) | 98 (30.3%) | 22 (6.81%) | 1.840 (1.013, 3.343) |
Obese | 29 (8.98%) | 44 (13.6%) | 1.055 (0.586, 1.897) | 35 (10.8%) | 38 (11.8%) | 1.296 (0.728, 2.308) | 59 (18.3%) | 14 (4.33%) | 1.741 (0.869, 3.486) |
Normal | 50 (15.5%) | 80 (24.8%) | Reference | 54 (16.7%) | 76 (23.5%) | Reference | 92 (28.5%) | 38 (11.8%) | Reference |
Co-morbidities | |||||||||
Yes | 43 (13.3%) | 71 (22.0%) | 1.082 (0.675, 1.736) | 51 (15.8%) | 63 (19.5%) | 1.030 (0.650, 1.630) | 87 (26.9%) | 27 (8.36%) | 0.935 (0.545, 1.605) |
No | 75 (23.2%) | 134 (41.5%) | Reference | 92 (28.5%) | 117 (36.2%) | Reference | 162 (50.2%) | 47 (14.6%) | Reference |
Duration of Diabetes | |||||||||
More than 10 years | 56 (17.3%) | 99 (30.7%) | 0.967 (0.615, 1.522) | 68 (21.1%) | 87 (26.9%) | 0.969 (0.625, 1.504) | 117 (36.2%) | 38 (11.8%) | 0.840 (0.500, 1.412) |
Less than 10 years | 62 (19.2%) | 106 (32.8%) | Reference | 75 (23.2%) | 93 (28.8%) | Reference | 132 (40.9%) | 36 (11.1%) | Reference |
Glycemic Control | |||||||||
Poor (HbA1c ≥ 7) | 76 (23.5%) | 155 (48.0%) | 1.713 (1.046, 2.806) * | 95 (29.4%) | 136 (42.1%) | 1.562 (0.961, 2.539) | 174 (53.9%) | 57 (17.6%) | 1.445 (0.789, 2.648) |
Good (HbA1c < 7) | 42 (13.0%) | 50 (15.5%) | Reference | 48 (14.9%) | 44 (13.6%) | Reference | 75 (23.2%) | 17 (5.26%) | Reference |
Duration of HTN # | |||||||||
More than 5 years | 22 (16.66%) | 29 (21.97%) | 1.16 (0.57, 2.36) | 28 (21.21%) | 23 (17.42%) | 1.13 (0.55, 2.28) | 39 (29.54%) | 12 (9.09%) | 1.28 (0.57, 2.88) |
Less than 5 years | 32 (24.24%) | 49 (37.12%) | Reference | 42 (31.81%) | 39 (29.54%) | Reference | 58 (43.94%) | 23 (17.42%) | Reference |
Variables | C_Q4 (Symptoms) | IC_Q4 (Symptoms) | Odds Ratio | C_Q5 (Progression) | IC_Q5 (Progression) | Odds Ratio | C_Q6 (Treatment) | IC_Q6 (Treatment) | Odds Ratio | C_Q7 (Resource) | IC_Q7 (Resource) | Odds Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age Groups | ||||||||||||
≥50 | 54 (16.7%) | 138 (42.7%) | 0.829 (0.511, 1.344) | 23 (7.12%) | 169 (52.3%) | 0.802 (0.418, 1.541) | 23 (7.12%) | 169 (52.3%) | 0.674 (0.358, 1.269) | 26 (8.05%) | 166 (51.4%) | 0.664 (0.364, 1.211) |
<50 | 42 (13.0%) | 89 (27.6%) | Reference | 19 (5.88%) | 112 (34.7%) | Reference | 22 (6.81%) | 109 (33.7%) | Reference | 25 (7.74%) | 106 (32.8%) | Reference |
Gender | ||||||||||||
Female | 46 (14.2%) | 121 (37.5%) | 0.806 (0.500, 1.300) | 26 (8.05%) | 141 (43.7%) | 1.613 (0.829, 3.137) | 20 (6.19%) | 147 (45.5%) | 0.713 (0.378, 1.343) | 25 (7.74%) | 142 (44.0%) | 0.880 (0.484, 1.601) |
Male | 50 (15.5%) | 106 (32.8%) | Reference | 16 (4.95%) | 140 (43.3%) | Reference | 25 (7.74%) | 131 (40.6%) | Reference | 26 (8.05%) | 130 (40.2%) | Reference |
Family History of Diabetes | ||||||||||||
Yes | 48 (14.9%) | 92 (28.5%) | 1.467 (0.908, 2.371) | 25 (7.74%) | 115 (35.6%) | 2.123 (1.097, 4.109) * | 21 (6.50%) | 119 (36.8%) | 1.169 (0.621, 2.200) | 22 (6.81%) | 118 (36.5%) | 0.990 (0.541, 1.811) |
No | 48 (14.9%) | 135 (41.8%) | Reference | 17 (5.26%) | 166 (51.4%) | Reference | 24 (7.43%) | 159 (49.2%) | Reference | 29 (8.98%) | 154 (47.7%) | Reference |
Substance Use | ||||||||||||
Yes | 22 (6.81%) | 51 (15.8%) | 1.026 (0.581, 1.812) | 13 (4.02%) | 60 (18.6%) | 1.651 (0.809, 3.371) | 6 (1.86%) | 67 (20.7%) | 0.485 (0.197, 1.195) | 10 (3.10%) | 63 (19.5%) | 0.809 (0.384, 1.707) |
No | 74 (22.9%) | 176 (54.5%) | Reference | 29 (8.98%) | 221 (68.4%) | Reference | 39 (12.1%) | 211 (65.3%) | Reference | 41 (12.7%) | 209 (64.7%) | Reference |
Education | ||||||||||||
Literate | 64 (19.8%) | 141 (43.7%) | 1.220 (0.738, 2.015) | 27 (8.36%) | 178 (55.1%) | 1.041 (0.530, 2.048) | 28 (8.67%) | 177 (54.8%) | 0.940 (0.490, 1.801) | 28 (8.67%) | 177 (54.8%) | 0.653 (0.357, 1.197) |
Illiterate | 32 (9.91%) | 86 (26.6%) | Reference | 15 (4.64%) | 103 (31.9%) | Reference | 17 (5.26%) | 101 (31.3%) | Reference | 23 (7.12%) | 95 (29.4%) | Reference |
Occupation | ||||||||||||
Employed | 61 (18.9%) | 161 (49.8%) | 0.714 (0.431, 1.184) | 25 (7.74%) | 197 (61.0%) | 0.627 (0.322, 1.222) | 33 (10.2%) | 189 (58.5%) | 1.295 (0.638, 2.626) | 30 (9.29%) | 192 (59.4%) | 0.595 (0.322, 1.102) |
Unemployed | 35 (10.8%) | 66 (20.4%) | Reference | 17 (5.26%) | 84 (26.0%) | Reference | 12 (3.72%) | 89 (27.6%) | Reference | 21 (6.50%) | 80 (24.8%) | Reference |
Socioeconomic Status | ||||||||||||
Middle | 31 (9.60%) | 41 (12.7%) | 2.164 (1.254, 3.733) ** | 15 (4.64%) | 57 (17.6%) | 2.183 (1.090, 4.374) * | 11 (3.41%) | 61 (18.9%) | 1.151 (0.551, 2.405) | 21 (6.50%) | 51 (15.8%) | 3.033 (1.607, 5.726) ** |
Lower | 65 (20.1%) | 186 (57.6%) | Reference | 27 (8.36%) | 224 (69.3%) | Reference | 34 (10.5%) | 217 (67.2%) | Reference | 30 (9.29%) | 221 (68.4%) | Reference |
Family Income | ||||||||||||
More than 20,000 INR (monthly) | 23 (7.12%) | 31 (9.60%) | 1.992 (1.091, 3.640) * | 13 (4.02%) | 41 (12.7%) | 2.624 (1.260, 5.463) ** | 10 (3.10%) | 44 (13.6%) | 1.519( 0.701, 3.292) | 15 (4.64%) | 39 (12.1%) | 2.489 (1.247, 4.969) ** |
Less than 20,000 INR (monthly) | 73 (22.6%) | 196 (60.7%) | Reference | 29 (8.98%) | 240 (74.3%) | Reference | 35 (10.8%) | 234 (72.4%) | Reference | 36 (11.1%) | 233 (72.1%) | Reference |
CKD Stage | ||||||||||||
Stage III | 27 (8.36%) | 84 (26.0%) | 0.811 (0.424, 1.551) | 8 (2.48%) | 103 (31.9%) | 0.292 (0.119, 0.717) * | 16 (4.95%) | 95 (29.4%) | 1.537 (0.624, 3.787) | 16 (4.95%) | 95 (29.4%) | 0.968 (0.431, 2.177) |
Stage II | 46 (14.2%) | 85 (26.3%) | 1.365 (0.748, 2.491) | 17 (5.26%) | 114 (35.3%) | 0.561 (0.268, 1.175) | 21 (6.50%) | 110 (34.1%) | 1.742 (0.732, 4.143) | 23 (7.12%) | 108 (33.4%) | 1.225 (0.572, 2.620) |
Stage I | 23 (7.12%) | 58 (18.0%) | Reference | 17 (5.26%) | 64 (19.8%) | Reference | 8 (2.48%) | 73 (22.6%) | Reference | 12 (3.72%) | 69 (21.4%) | Reference |
HTN Stage | ||||||||||||
Stage I HTN | 19 (5.88%) | 57 (17.6%) | 0.926 (0.469, 1.829) | 11 (3.41%) | 65 (20.1%) | 1.400 (0.572, 3.424) | 11 (3.41%) | 65 (20.1%) | 1.159 (0.488, 2.750) | 11 (3.41%) | 65 (20.1%) | 1.064 (0.454, 2.494) |
Stage II HTN | 20 (6.19%) | 36 (11.1%) | 1.543 (0.765, 3.113) | 10 (3.10%) | 46 (14.2%) | 1.798 (0.712, 4.544) | 10 (3.10%) | 46 (14.2%) | 1.489 (0.607, 3.654) | 11 (3.41%) | 45 (13.9%) | 1.537 (0.645, 3.659) |
Prehypertension | 30 (9.29%) | 59 (18.3%) | 1.412 (0.758, 2.630) | 10 (3.10%) | 79 (24.5%) | 1.047 (0.422, 2.596) | 11 (3.41%) | 78 (24.1%) | 0.965 (0.409, 2.278) | 15 (4.64%) | 74 (22.9%) | 1.274 (0.578, 2.811) |
Normal | 27 (8.36%) | 75 (23.2%) | Reference | 11 (3.41%) | 91 (28.2%) | Reference | 13 (4.02%) | 89 (27.6%) | Reference | 14 (4.33%) | 88 (27.2%) | Reference |
BMI Categories | ||||||||||||
Overweight | 29 (8.98%) | 91 (28.2%) | 0.623 (0.358, 1.084) | 16 (4.95%) | 104 (32.2%) | 0.755( 0.376, 1.518) | 18 (5.57%) | 102 (31.6%) | 1.031 (0.513, 2.073) | 12 (3.72%) | 108 (33.4%) | 0.424 (0.204, 0.881) |
Obese | 23 (7.12%) | 50 (15.5%) | 0.899 (0.487, 1.660) | 4 (1.24%) | 69 (21.4%) | 0.285 (0.094, 0.861) * | 8 (2.48%) | 65 (20.1%) | 0.719 (0.298, 1.735) | 12 (3.72%) | 61 (18.9%) | 0.750 (0.354, 1.589) |
Normal | 44 (13.6%) | 86 (26.6%) | Reference | 22 (6.81%) | 108 (33.4%) | Reference | 19 (5.88%) | 111 (34.4%) | Reference | 27 (8.36%) | 103 (31.9%) | Reference |
Co-morbidities | ||||||||||||
Yes | 35 (10.8%) | 79 (24.5%) | 1.075 (0.654, 1.767) | 18 (5.57%) | 96 (29.7%) | 1.445 (0.748, 2.794) | 15 (4.64%) | 99 (30.7%) | 0.904 (0.464, 1.761) | 21 (6.50%) | 93 (28.8%) | 1.347 (0.731, 2.483) |
No | 61 (18.9%) | 148 (45.8%) | Reference | 24 (7.43%) | 185 (57.3%) | Reference | 30 (9.29%) | 179 (55.4%) | Reference | 30 (9.29%) | 179 (55.4%) | Reference |
Duration of Diabetes | ||||||||||||
More than 10 years | 51 (15.8%) | 104 (32.2%) | 1.340 (0.831, 2.163) | 21 (6.50%) | 134 (41.5%) | 1.097 (0.574, 2.098) | 22 (6.81%) | 133 (41.2%) | 1.043 (0.555, 1.958) | 26 (8.05%) | 129 (39.9%) | 1.153 (0.634, 2.097) |
Less than 10 years | 45 (13.9%) | 123 (38.1%) | Reference | 21 (6.50%) | 147 (45.5%) | Reference | 23 (7.12%) | 145 (44.9%) | Reference | 25 (7.74%) | 143 (44.3%) | Reference |
Glycemic Control | ||||||||||||
Poor (HbA1c ≥ 7) | 69 (21.4%) | 162 (50.2%) | 0.975 (0.574, 1.657) | 32 (9.91%) | 199 (61.6%) | 0.758 (0.356, 1.614) | 34 (10.5%) | 197 (61.0%) | 0.787 (0.380, 1.629) | 39 (12.1%) | 192 (59.4%) | 0.739 (0.368, 1.484) |
Good (HbA1c < 7) | 27 (8.36%) | 65 (20.1%) | Reference | 10 (3.10%) | 82 (25.4%) | Reference | 11 (3.41%) | 81 (25.1%) | Reference | 12 (3.72%) | 80 (24.8%) | Reference |
Duration of HTN # | ||||||||||||
More than 5 years | 14 (10.60%) | 37 (27.81%) | 0.75 (0.35, 1.63) | 12 (9.09%) | 40 (30.30%) | 0.857 (0.379, 1.935) | 8 (6.06%) | 43 (32.57%) | 0.890 (0.344, 2.300) | 4 (3.03%) | 47 (65.60%) | 0.899 (0.249, 3.241) |
Less than 5 years | 27 (20.45%) | 54 (40.90%) | Reference | 21 (15.90%) | 60 (45.45%) | Reference | 14 (10.60%) | 67 (50.75%) | Reference | 7 (5.30%) | 74 (56.06%) | Reference |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Hussain, S.; Habib, A.; Najmi, A.K. Limited Knowledge of Chronic Kidney Disease among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in India. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 1443. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16081443
Hussain S, Habib A, Najmi AK. Limited Knowledge of Chronic Kidney Disease among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in India. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(8):1443. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16081443
Chicago/Turabian StyleHussain, Salman, Anwar Habib, and Abul Kalam Najmi. 2019. "Limited Knowledge of Chronic Kidney Disease among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in India" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 8: 1443. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16081443