Changes in Major Global River Discharges Directed into the Ocean
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Linear Tendency Estimation
2.3.2. Mann-Kendall Test
2.3.3. Cumulative Departure Curve
2.3.4. Method of Runoff Variation Attribution Analysis Based on the Budyko Hypothesis for Large-Scale Basins
3. Results
3.1. Trends
3.2. Spatial Distribution
3.3. Influencing Factors
4. Discussion
4.1. Contribution Rate of Influencing Factors
4.2. Impact of Climate Zone on River Discharge
4.3. Uncertainty
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Continent | River | Station | Area (km2) | Data Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | NA | Yukon | PILOT | 922963 | USGS, GRDC, [33] |
2 | NA | Colorado | ABOVE MORELOS DAM | 805231 | USGS |
3 | NA | Mackenzie | ARCTIC RED RIVER | 1831060 | GRDC, [33] |
4 | NA | Mississippi | VICKSBURG | 3287560 | GRDC, USGS |
5 | NA | St. Lawrence | LASALLE | 1109840 | HYDAT |
6 | NA | Columbia | BEAVER ARMY TERMINAL | 1099310 | GRDC |
7 | NA | Rio Grande | MATAMOROS | 841399 | GRDC |
8 | NA | Nelson | LONG SPRUCE GENERATING | 1232640 | GRDC |
9 | NA | Fraser | HOPE | 188653 | GRDC |
10 | OA | Murray-Darling | LOCK 1 DOWNSTREAM | 1047620 | ABM, GRDC, [33] |
11 | AF | Orange | VIOOLSDRIF | 975391 | GRDC |
12 | AF | Congo | KINSHASA | 3761150 | GRDC |
13 | AF | Nile | EL EKHSASE | 3314920 | GRDC, [33,34] |
14 | AF | Niger | LOKOJA | 2673950 | GRDC, [33,35] |
15 | AF | Zambezi | MATUNDO-CAIS & SHIRE | 2076310 | GRDC, [33] |
16 | SA | Parana | TIMBUES | 3525050 | GRDC, [36] |
17 | SA | Amazon | OBIDOS | 6866290 | GRDC, SO HYBAM |
18 | SA | Magdalena | CALAMAR | 261432 | GRDC, [37] |
19 | SA | Orinoco | PUENTE ANGOSTURA | 985093 | GRDC, [38] |
20 | SA | Sao Francisco | TRAIPU | 649467 | GRDC |
21 | EU | Danube | CEATAL | 788476 | GRDC |
22 | EU | Rhine | LOBITH | 185908 | GRDC |
23 | EU | Don | RAZDORSKAYA | 438258 | GRDC, [39] |
24 | EU | Northern Dvina | UST-PINEGA | 333191 | GRDC |
25 | EU | Pechora | OKSINO | 311687 | GRDC |
26 | EU | Neva | NOVOSARATOVKA | 278039 | GRDC |
27 | AS | Ob | SALEKHARD | 3227630 | GRDC, [14] |
28 | AS | Yellow | LIJIN | 795044 | CHINA WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN |
29 | AS | Lena | KYUSYUR (KUSUR) | 2466930 | GRDC |
30 | AS | Yenisei | IGARKA | 2866740 | GRDC |
31 | AS | Yangtze | DATONG | 1782720 | CHINA WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN |
32 | AS | Kolyma | KOLYMSKAYA | 596116 | GRDC, [14] |
33 | AS | Amur | BOGORODSKOYE | 2161190 | GRDC, [40] |
34 | AS | Indus | KOTRI | 1500850 | GRDC, [33,41] |
35 | AS | Ganges-Brahmaputra | PAKSEY, BAHADURABAD | 1579040 | GRDC, [33,42,43,44] |
36 | AS | Mekong | MY THUAN, VAM CONG | 937943 | GRDC, [33,45] |
37 | AS | Tigris and Euphrates | HINDIYA, BAGHDAD | 1278420 | GRDC, [46,47,48] |
38 | AS | Yana | UBILEYNAYA | 231156 | GRDC |
39 | AS | Olenyok | 7.5 KM D/S OF MOUTH | 218112 | GRDC |
40 | AS | Pearl | GAOYAO, SHIJIAO, BOLUO | 448701 | CHINA WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN |
No. | Continent | River | Linear Trend | Linear Sig. a | Z | M-K Sig. b | Trend c |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | NA | Yukon | −0.182 | −0.89 | −− | ||
2 | NA | Colorado | 0.003 | 0.52 | + | ||
3 | NA | Mackenzie | −0.054 | 0.49 | − | ||
4 | NA | Mississippi | 2.522 | * | 2.31 | ** | ++ |
5 | NA | St. Lawrence | 0.067 | −0.28 | − | ||
6 | NA | Columbia | −0.595 | * | −1.77 | * | −− |
7 | NA | Rio Grande | −0.013 | * | −2.52 | ** | −− |
8 | NA | Nelson | 0.121 | 0.39 | + | ||
9 | NA | Fraser | −0.283 | * | −2.62 | *** | −− |
10 | OA | Murray-Darling | −0.116 | * | −2.78 | *** | −− |
11 | AF | Orange | −0.076 | * | −2.05 | ** | −− |
12 | AF | Congo | −4.791 | * | −2.75 | *** | −− |
13 | AF | Nile | −0.369 | * | −2.18 | ** | −− |
14 | AF | Niger | −0.055 | −0.37 | − | ||
15 | AF | Zambezi | −0.085 | 0.45 | + | ||
16 | SA | Parana | 3.495 | * | 1.56 | + | |
17 | SA | Amazon | −1.676 | −0.63 | − | ||
18 | SA | Magdalena | 0.444 | 0.76 | + | ||
19 | SA | Orinoco | 2.283 | * | 2.5 | ** | ++ |
20 | SA | Sao Francisco | −0.412 | * | −1.87 | * | −− |
21 | EU | Danube | −0.015 | −0.24 | − | ||
22 | EU | Rhine | −0.036 | −0.21 | − | ||
23 | EU | Don | −0.006 | 0.31 | + | ||
24 | EU | Northern Dvina | 0.311 | * | 1.98 | ** | ++ |
25 | EU | Pechora | 0.223 | 0.96 | + | ||
26 | EU | Neva | 0.104 | 1.23 | + | ||
27 | AS | Ob | 0.273 | −0.16 | + | ||
28 | AS | Yellow | −0.832 | * | −5.34 | **** | −− |
29 | AS | Lena | 1.402 | * | 2.18 | ** | ++ |
30 | AS | Yenisei | 1.768 | * | 3.36 | **** | ++ |
31 | AS | Yangtze | 0.534 | 0.19 | + | ||
32 | AS | Kolyma | 0.308 | * | 1.5 | + | |
33 | AS | Amur | −1.016 | * | −1.57 | − | |
34 | AS | Indus | −0.433 | * | −2.21 | ** | − |
35 | AS | Ganges-Brahmaputra | −2.474 | * | −2.1 | ** | −− |
36 | AS | Mekong | −0.382 | −0.89 | − | ||
37 | AS | Tigris and Euphrates | −0.583 | * | −3.4 | **** | −− |
38 | AS | Yana | 0.191 | * | 2.23 | ** | ++ |
39 | AS | Olenyok | 0.302 | * | 2.91 | *** | ++ |
40 | AS | Pearl | −0.096 | −0.63 | − |
River | Cumulative Anomaly | M-K Mutation Point | Segmentation Trends |
---|---|---|---|
Yukon | 1967,1978,1995 | 1965,2000 | 1960–1967 wet; 1967–2010 dry |
Colorado | 1978,1987 | 1977,2006 | 1960–1978 dry; 1978–1987 wet; 1987–2010 dry |
Mackenzie | 2004 | 1962,2007 | 1960–2004 dry; 2004–2010 wet |
Mississippi | 1971 | 1971 | 1960–1971 dry; 1971–2010 wet |
St. Lawrence | 1971,1998 | 1966,1999 | 1960–1971 dry; 1971–1998 wet; 1998–2010 dry |
Columbia | 1986,1994,1999 | 1986,1995,1998 | 1960–1986 wet; 1986–2010 dry |
Rio Grande | 1981 | 1993 | 1960–1981 wet; 1981–2010 dry |
Nelson | 1975 | 1973 | 1960–1975 wet; 1975–2010 dry |
Fraser | 1976 | 1977 | 1960–1976 wet; 1976–2010 dry |
Murray-Darling | 1988,1996 | 2004 | 1960–1988 dry; 1988–1996 wet; 1996–2010 dry |
Orange | 1978 | 1979 | 1960–1978 wet; 1978–2010 dry |
Congo | 1970 | 1967 | 1960–1970 wet; 1970–2010 dry |
Nile | 1978 | 1970 | 1960–1978 wet; 1978–2010 dry |
Niger | 1970 | 1970 | 1960–1970 wet; 1970–2010 dry |
Zambezi | 1981 | 1981 | 1960–1981 wet; 1981–2010 dry |
Parana | 1981,1998 | 1970 | 1960–1981 dry; 1981–1998 wet; 1998–2010 dry |
Amazon | 1970,1978 | 1970,1990 | 1960–1970 dry; 1970–1978 wet; 1978–2010 dry |
Magdalena | 2005 | 1970,2007 | 1960–2005 dry; 2005–2010 wet |
Orinoco | 1997 | 1980,1998 | 1960–1997 dry; 1997–2010 wet |
Sao Francisco | 1986 | 1983 | 1960–1986 wet; 1986–2010 dry |
Danube | 1981,1995 | 1981 | 1960–1981 wet; 1981–2010 dry |
Rhine | 1970,1977,1988 | 1971,1977,1989,2003 | 1960–1970 wet; 1970–1977 dry; 1977–1988 wet; 1988–2010 dry |
Don | 1993 | 1992 | 1960–1993 dry; 1993–2010 wet |
Northern Dvina | 1982 | 1982 | 1960–1982 dry; 1982–2010 wet |
Pechora | 1990 | 1995 | 1960–1990 dry; 1990–2010 wet |
Neva | 1980,1995 | 1980,1996 | 1960–1980 dry; 1980–1995 wet; 1995–2010 dry |
Ob | 1968,1987 | 1969,1989 | 1960–1968 dry; 1968–1987 wet; 1987–2010 dry |
Yellow | 1985 | 1981 | 1960–1985 wet; 1985–2010 dry |
Lena | 2003 | 2005 | 1960–2003 dry; 2003–2010 wet |
Yenisei | 1987 | 1991 | 1960–1987 dry; 1987–2010 wet |
Yangtze | 1979 | 1979 | 1960–1979 dry; 1979–2010 wet |
Kolyma | 1995 | 1996 | 1960–1995 dry; 1995–2010 wet |
Amur | 1980,1999 | 1980,2000 | 1960–1980 dry; 1980–1999 wet; 1999–2010 dry |
Indus | 1999 | 2000 | 1960–1999 wet; 1999–2010 dry |
Ganges-Brahmaputra | 1990 | 1991 | 1960–1990 wet; 1990–2010 dry |
Mekong | 1973,1993 | 1973 | 1960–1973 wet;1973–1993 dry;1993–2010 wet |
Tigris and Euphrates | 1989 | 1990 | 1960–1989 wet; 1989–2010 dry |
Yana | 1995 | 1996 | 1960–1995 dry; 1995–2010 wet |
Olenyok | 1988 | 1986 | 1960–1988 dry; 1988–2010 wet |
Pearl | 1983,1992,2002 | 1989,2003 | 1960–1983 wet; 1983–1992 dry;1992–2002 wet; 2002–2010 dry |
River | Z (P) | P Sig. 1 | n | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Orinoco | 1.59 | 1.1 | 1.73 | −0.14 | −0.60 | −0.68 | 55 | 4 | 19 | 22 | 74 | 74 | 26 | |
Northern Dvina | 1.72 | * | 1.3 | 1.31 | 0.25 | −0.56 | −0.63 | 48 | 9 | 20 | 23 | 68 | 77 | 23 |
Mississippi | 1.41 | 1.2 | 1.86 | 0.05 | −0.91 | −1.64 | 42 | 1 | 20 | 37 | 62 | 62 | 38 | |
Olenyok | 0.44 | 1.0 | 0.94 | 0.43 | −0.36 | −0.69 | 39 | 18 | 15 | 29 | 54 | 71 | 29 | |
Yenisei | 1.09 | 1.2 | 0.95 | 0.49 | −0.44 | −0.73 | 36 | 19 | 17 | 28 | 53 | 72 | 28 | |
Lena | 3.09 | *** | 1.2 | 0.77 | 0.59 | −0.36 | −0.60 | 33 | 25 | 16 | 26 | 49 | 74 | 26 |
Yana | 1.06 | 1.2 | 0.65 | 0.66 | −0.30 | −0.56 | 30 | 30 | 14 | 26 | 44 | 74 | 26 | |
Fraser | −0.63 | 1.0 | 1.33 | 0.10 | −0.43 | −0.60 | 54 | 4 | 18 | 24 | 72 | 76 | 24 | |
Ganges | −0.47 | 0.7 | 1.36 | 0.00 | −0.36 | −0.86 | 53 | 0 | 14 | 33 | 67 | 67 | 33 | |
Congo | −3.48 | **** | 1.2 | 2.59 | −0.46 | −1.12 | −1.58 | 45 | 8 | 20 | 27 | 65 | 65 | 35 |
Sao Francisco | 0.03 | 1.2 | 2.69 | −0.36 | −1.33 | −2.61 | 38 | 5 | 19 | 37 | 57 | 57 | 42 | |
Yellow | −0.77 | 1.1 | 3.87 | −1.06 | −1.81 | −4.61 | 34 | 9 | 16 | 41 | 50 | 50 | 50 | |
Columbia | −0.79 | 1.0 | 0.96 | 0.46 | −0.42 | −1.01 | 34 | 16 | 15 | 35 | 49 | 49 | 51 | |
Nile | −1.43 | 0.8 | 9.99 | −5.16 | −3.83 | −11.22 | 33 | 17 | 13 | 37 | 46 | 46 | 54 | |
Indus | 1.14 | 0.8 | 4.33 | −1.72 | −1.60 | −5.32 | 33 | 13 | 12 | 41 | 46 | 46 | 54 | |
Murray-Darling | −0.03 | 1.0 | 23.26 | −11.57 | −10.69 | −30.36 | 31 | 15 | 14 | 40 | 45 | 45 | 55 | |
Two Rivers | −1.71 | * | 0.5 | 4.24 | −2.10 | −1.14 | −5.02 | 34 | 17 | 9 | 40 | 43 | 43 | 57 |
Rio Grande | 0.60 | 0.8 | 116.8 | −68.61 | −47.18 | −159.5 | 30 | 18 | 12 | 41 | 42 | 42 | 58 | |
Orange | 1.15 | 0.7 | 17.50 | −9.84 | −6.66 | −24.71 | 30 | 17 | 11 | 42 | 41 | 41 | 59 | |
Magdalena | 1.84 | * | 1.3 | 1.86 | −0.17 | −0.69 | −0.63 | 56 | 5 | 21 | 19 | 76 | 76 | 24 |
Neva | 2.44 | ** | 1.2 | 1.56 | 0.10 | −0.65 | −0.81 | 50 | 3 | 21 | 26 | 71 | 74 | 26 |
Yangtze | −0.47 | 1.0 | 1.42 | 0.11 | −0.53 | −0.78 | 50 | 4 | 19 | 28 | 69 | 69 | 31 | |
Ob | 1.51 | 1.1 | 1.67 | 0.08 | −0.76 | −1.41 | 43 | 2 | 19 | 36 | 62 | 64 | 36 | |
Parana | 1.32 | 1.2 | 2.46 | −0.32 | −1.15 | −1.93 | 42 | 5 | 20 | 33 | 62 | 62 | 38 | |
Nelson | 0.71 | 1.5 | 1.80 | 0.20 | −1.01 | −1.64 | 39 | 4 | 22 | 35 | 61 | 61 | 39 | |
Pechora | 1.06 | 0.9 | 0.90 | 0.37 | −0.27 | −0.41 | 46 | 19 | 14 | 21 | 60 | 79 | 21 | |
Don | 0.69 | 1.3 | 3.20 | −0.51 | −1.69 | −3.22 | 37 | 6 | 20 | 37 | 57 | 57 | 43 | |
Kolyma | 0.62 | 1.0 | 0.94 | 0.42 | −0.36 | −0.70 | 39 | 17 | 15 | 29 | 54 | 71 | 29 | |
Zambezi | 0.02 | 0.9 | 7.42 | −3.34 | −3.08 | −7.80 | 34 | 15 | 14 | 36 | 48 | 48 | 52 | |
Colorado | 0.36 | 1.0 | 11.97 | −5.33 | −5.64 | −18.80 | 29 | 13 | 14 | 45 | 43 | 43 | 57 | |
Amazon | 0.18 | 1.3 | 1.40 | 0.15 | −0.55 | −0.54 | 53 | 6 | 21 | 20 | 74 | 74 | 26 | |
Rhine | 0.45 | 1.1 | 1.72 | −0.08 | −0.65 | −0.81 | 53 | 2 | 20 | 25 | 73 | 73 | 27 | |
St. Lawrence | 1.40 | 1.6 | 1.88 | 0.10 | −0.99 | −1.10 | 46 | 3 | 24 | 27 | 70 | 70 | 30 | |
Pearl | −0.36 | 1.0 | 2.38 | −0.61 | −0.77 | −1.02 | 50 | 13 | 16 | 21 | 66 | 66 | 34 | |
Danube | 0.55 | 1.5 | 1.43 | 0.30 | −0.73 | −0.91 | 43 | 9 | 22 | 27 | 65 | 65 | 35 | |
Yukon | −0.76 | 0.9 | 1.12 | 0.25 | −0.37 | −0.74 | 45 | 10 | 15 | 30 | 60 | 70 | 30 | |
Mekong | 0.34 | 1.1 | 3.55 | −1.19 | −1.36 | −2.05 | 44 | 15 | 17 | 25 | 61 | 61 | 39 | |
Mackenzie | 0.06 | 1.2 | 1.21 | 0.33 | −0.54 | −0.94 | 40 | 11 | 18 | 31 | 58 | 69 | 31 | |
Amur | −1.15 | 1.2 | 1.40 | 0.26 | -0.66 | −1.24 | 39 | 7 | 19 | 35 | 58 | 58 | 42 | |
Niger | −1.71 | * | 0.6 | 3.93 | −1.68 | −1.25 | −4.61 | 34 | 15 | 11 | 40 | 45 | 45 | 55 |
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Shi, X.; Qin, T.; Nie, H.; Weng, B.; He, S. Changes in Major Global River Discharges Directed into the Ocean. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 1469. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16081469
Shi X, Qin T, Nie H, Weng B, He S. Changes in Major Global River Discharges Directed into the Ocean. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(8):1469. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16081469
Chicago/Turabian StyleShi, Xiaoqing, Tianling Qin, Hanjiang Nie, Baisha Weng, and Shan He. 2019. "Changes in Major Global River Discharges Directed into the Ocean" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 8: 1469. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16081469