Health Inequality between Migrant and Non-Migrant Workers in an Industrial Zone of Vietnam
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participant Recruitment
2.2. Measures and Instrument
2.2.1. Primary Outcomes
2.2.2. Other Covariates
- 1)
- People in this area are willing to help each other (Yes = 1 point, No = 0 point)
- 2)
- People around living place are willing to help neighbors (Yes = 1 point, No = 0 point)
- 3)
- People live in harmony (Yes = 1 point, No = 0 point)
- 4)
- People around can be trusted and reliable (Yes = 1 point, No = 0 point)
- 5)
- People share the same value and life concept (Yes = 1 point, No = 0 point)
- 6)
- This area has a tremendous amount of trash (No = 1 point, Yes = 0 point)
- 7)
- This area has society’s vices (No = 1 point, Yes = 0 point)
- 8)
- This area has many fights and quarrels (No = 1 point, Yes = 0 point)
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Non-Migrant | Migrant | Total | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
Total | 137 | 48.9 | 143 | 51.1 | 280 | 100 | |
Gender | |||||||
Male | 28 | 20.6 | 20 | 14.0 | 48 | 17.2 | 0.14 a |
Female | 108 | 79.4 | 123 | 86.0 | 231 | 82.8 | |
Education | |||||||
Under High school | 14 | 10.2 | 9 | 6.4 | 23 | 8.3 | 0.47 a |
High school | 81 | 59.1 | 90 | 63.8 | 171 | 61.5 | |
Above High school | 42 | 30.7 | 42 | 29.8 | 84 | 30.2 | |
Marital status | |||||||
Single | 5 | 3.7 | 7 | 4.9 | 12 | 4.3 | 0.61 a |
Having spouse/partner | 132 | 96.4 | 136 | 95.1 | 268 | 95.7 | |
Currently living with | |||||||
Parents | 75 | 55.2 | 56 | 39.4 | 131 | 47.1 | <0.01 a |
Spouse | 110 | 80.9 | 115 | 81.0 | 225 | 80.9 | 0.98 a |
Children | 87 | 64.0 | 81 | 57.0 | 168 | 60.4 | 0.24 a |
Brothers/sisters | 10 | 7.4 | 11 | 7.8 | 21 | 7.6 | 0.90 a |
Other | 1 | 0.74 | 10 | 7.0 | 11 | 3.96 | <0.01 a |
Current smoking | 8 | 6.7 | 11 | 8.3 | 19 | 7.5 | 0.63 a |
Hazardous drinking | 21 | 16.0 | 17 | 12.3 | 38 | 14.1 | 0.12 a |
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
Age (years) | 32.8 | 4.8 | 31.0 | 4.0 | 31.9 | 4.5 | <0.01 b |
Individual Monthly Income (USD) | 278.0 | 115.0 | 267.2 | 75.6 | 272.4 | 96.7 | 0.45 b |
Distance from homeland to the factory (km) | 86.3 | 95.6 | |||||
Duration of migration (years) | 2.1 | 3.0 |
Characteristics | Non-Migrant | Migrant | Total | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
Time for working with one posture | |||||||
Less than 30 min | 35 | 29.9 | 49 | 37.4 | 84 | 33.9 | 0.43 a |
30–60 min | 18 | 15.4 | 20 | 15.3 | 38 | 15.3 | |
More than 60 min | 64 | 54.7 | 62 | 47.3 | 126 | 50.8 | |
Hazardous occupational exposures | |||||||
Noise | 92 | 71.9 | 118 | 83.1 | 210 | 77.8 | 0.03 a |
Dust | 72 | 56.3 | 65 | 45.8 | 137 | 50.7 | 0.09 a |
High temperature | 81 | 63.3 | 77 | 54.2 | 158 | 58.5 | 0.13 a |
Toxic gas | 48 | 37.5 | 54 | 38.0 | 102 | 37.8 | 0.93 a |
Poor lighting | 11 | 8.6 | 13 | 9.2 | 24 | 8.9 | 0.87 a |
High humidity | 15 | 11.7 | 10 | 7.0 | 25 | 9.3 | 0.19 a |
Toxic chemicals | 50 | 39.1 | 48 | 33.8 | 98 | 36.3 | 0.37 a |
Accident prone working environmental | 20 | 15.6 | 20 | 14.1 | 40 | 14.8 | 0.72 a |
Social support and community cohesion | |||||||
People in this area are willing to help each other | 72 | 56.3 | 77 | 58.3 | 149 | 57.3 | 0.73 a |
People around living place are willing to help neighbors | 72 | 56.3 | 72 | 54.6 | 144 | 55.4 | 0.78 a |
People live in harmony | 74 | 57.8 | 73 | 55.3 | 147 | 56.5 | 0.68 a |
People around can be trusted and reliable | 59 | 46.1 | 56 | 42.4 | 115 | 44.2 | 0.55 a |
People share the same value, life concept | 16 | 12.5 | 24 | 18.2 | 40 | 15.4 | 0.20 a |
This area has a tremendous amount of trash | 30 | 23.4 | 17 | 12.9 | 47 | 18.1 | 0.03 a |
This area has society’s vices | 17 | 13.3 | 9 | 6.8 | 26 | 10.0 | 0.08 a |
This area has many fights and quarrels | 7 | 5.5 | 1 | 0.8 | 8 | 3.1 | 0.03 a |
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
Years of working | 10.3 | 3.4 | 9.5 | 4.0 | 9.9 | 3.8 | 0.01 b |
Working hours per day | 8.2 | 0.7 | 8.3 | 1.0 | 8.2 | 0.9 | 0.91 b |
Number of hazardous occupational exposures | 2.8 | 2.1 | 2.8 | 2.0 | 2.8 | 2.1 | 0.91 b |
Social support score | 4.5 | 2.1 | 4.7 | 2.1 | 4.6 | 2.1 | 0.71 b |
Characteristics | Non-Migrant | Migrant | Total | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
EQ5D5L | |||||||
Having problems in mobility | 34 | 26.8 | 52 | 37.4 | 86 | 32.3 | 0.06 a |
Having problems in self-care | 2 | 1.6 | 7 | 5.1 | 9 | 3.4 | 0.18 a |
Having problems with usual activity | 30 | 23.6 | 51 | 37.0 | 81 | 30.6 | 0.02 a |
Pain/Discomfort | 66 | 52.4 | 92 | 69.2 | 158 | 61.0 | 0.01 a |
Anxiety/Depression | 64 | 52.0 | 94 | 70.7 | 158 | 61.7 | <0.01 a |
Number of health problems | |||||||
0 | 39 | 28.5 | 22 | 15.4 | 61 | 21.8 | 0.045 a |
1 | 36 | 26.3 | 44 | 30.8 | 80 | 28.6 | |
2 | 26 | 19.0 | 39 | 27.3 | 65 | 23.2 | |
>2 | 36 | 26.3 | 38 | 26.6 | 74 | 26.4 | |
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
EQ-5D Index | 0.78 | 0.23 | 0.69 | 0.19 | 0.74 | 0.21 | <0.01 b |
Number of health problems | 1.81 | 1.66 | 2.00 | 1.60 | 1.91 | 1.63 | 0.16 b |
Characteristic | EQ5D5L Index | Number of Health Problems | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Coef. | 95% CI | Coef. | 95% CI | |
Migrant (Yes versus No) | −0.08 *** | −0.12; −0.03 | 0.20 ** | 0.001; 0.41 |
Gender (Female versus Male) | 0.12 ** | 0.01; 0.23 | 0.08 | −0.31; 0.48 |
Education (versus Under High school) | ||||
High school | −0.04 | −0.11; 0.02 | 0.27 | −0.20; 0.74 |
Above High school | −0.07 * | −0.14; 0.01 | 0.32 | −0.18; 0.81 |
Marital status (Having spouse/partner vs. Single) | 0.04 | −0.06; 0.14 | 0.37 * | −0.04; 0.78 |
Age | 0.00 | −0.01; 0.01 | −0.01 | −0.04; 0.03 |
Years of working | −0.00 | −0.01; 0.001 | 0.02 | −0.01; 0.05 |
Working hours per day | −0.02 | −0.05; 0.01 | 0.01 | −0.10; 0.12 |
Number of hazardous occupational exposures | −0.02 ** | −0.03; −0.001 | 0.14 *** | 0.09; 0.19 |
Time fixed a posture when working (Less than 30 min) | ||||
30–60 min | −0.02 | −0.09; 0.05 | 0.23 | −0.10; 0.55 |
More than 60 min | −0.02 | −0.07; 0.03 | 0.39 *** | 0.15; 0.62 |
Number of health problems | −0.04 *** | −0.05; −0.02 | ||
Social support (point) | 0.00 | −0.01; 0.01 | −0.03 | −0.08; 0.02 |
Hazardous drinking (Yes versus No) | 0.07 | −0.02; 0.17 | −0.49 * | −1.03; 0.05 |
Current smoking (Yes versus No) | 0.08 | −0.04; 0.20 | 0.22 | −0.21; 0.64 |
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Share and Cite
Pham, K.T.H.; Nguyen, L.H.; Vuong, Q.-H.; Ho, M.-T.; Vuong, T.-T.; Nguyen, H.-K.T.; Vu, G.T.; Nguyen, H.L.T.; Tran, B.X.; Latkin, C.A.; et al. Health Inequality between Migrant and Non-Migrant Workers in an Industrial Zone of Vietnam. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 1502. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091502
Pham KTH, Nguyen LH, Vuong Q-H, Ho M-T, Vuong T-T, Nguyen H-KT, Vu GT, Nguyen HLT, Tran BX, Latkin CA, et al. Health Inequality between Migrant and Non-Migrant Workers in an Industrial Zone of Vietnam. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(9):1502. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091502
Chicago/Turabian StylePham, Kiet Tuan Huy, Long Hoang Nguyen, Quan-Hoang Vuong, Manh-Tung Ho, Thu-Trang Vuong, Hong-Kong T. Nguyen, Giang Thu Vu, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Bach Xuan Tran, Carl A. Latkin, and et al. 2019. "Health Inequality between Migrant and Non-Migrant Workers in an Industrial Zone of Vietnam" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 9: 1502. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091502