Determinants of Frequent Attendance of Outpatient Physicians: A Longitudinal Analysis Using the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample
2.2. Dependent Variable
2.3. Independent Variables
2.3.1. Predisposing Characteristics
2.3.2. Enabling Characteristics
2.3.3. Need Characteristics
2.3.4. Health Behavior
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Regression Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Predisposing Characteristics
4.2. Enabling Characteristics
4.3. Need Characteristics
4.4. Health Behavior
4.5. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Mean | Std. Dev. | Min | Max | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physician Visits 1 | 4.648 | 5.508 | 0 | 99 | |
Predisposing characteristics | Sex (1 = female) | 0.556 | 0.497 | 0 | 1 |
Age (in years) | 53.58 | 16.72 | 17 | 102 | |
Partner (1 = yes) 2 | 0.637 | 0.481 | 0 | 1 | |
Non-working (1 = yes) 3 | 0.511 | 0.500 | 0 | 1 | |
University (1 = yes) 4 | 0.205 | 0.404 | 0 | 1 | |
Migration (1 = yes) 5 | 0.173 | 0.378 | 0 | 1 | |
Enabling characteristics | Equivalence income (in €) | 1795.47 | 1372.95 | 75 | 70,709.97 |
PHI 6 (1 = yes) (ref. SHI) 7 | 0.140 | 0.347 | 0 | 1 | |
Need characteristics | MCS reversed 8 | 32.15 | 11.13 | 1.467 | 77.01 |
PCS reversed 9 | 44.05 | 10.88 | 13.53 | 78.43 | |
Disabled (1 = yes) | 0.224 | 0.417 | 0 | 1 | |
Health behavior | Smoking (1 = yes) | 0.318 | 0.466 | 0 | 1 |
BMI | 26.60 | 5.017 | 12.41 | 136.8 | |
Observations | 28,574 |
(1) | (2) | (3) | |
---|---|---|---|
Variables | Frequent Attender 90th percentile 11 | Frequent Attender 95th percentile 12 | Frequent Attender 75th percentile 13 |
Age (in years) | 0.949 *** (0.939–0.958) | 0.931 *** (0.918–0.944) | 0.984 *** (0.978–0.991) |
Partner (1 = yes) 14 | 1.228 ** (1.066–1.414) | 1.217 * (1.005–1.474) | 1.003 (0.913–1.101) |
Non-working (1 = yes) 15 | 1.352 *** (1.223–1.495) | 1.350 *** (1.179–1.545) | 1.266 *** (1.186–1.351) |
Log equivalence income (in €) | 0.996 (0.914–1.085) | 0.979 (0.870–1.102) | 1.025 (0.970–1.083) |
PHI 16 (1 = yes) (ref. SHI 17) | 1.011 (0.766–1.335) | 1.024 (0.690–1.521) | 0.865+ (0.738–1.014) |
MCS reversed 18 | 1.049 *** (1.045–1.052) | 1.051 *** (1.046–1.057) | 1.041 *** (1.038–1.043) |
PCS reversed 19 | 1.117 *** (1.112–1.123) | 1.122 *** (1.115–1.129) | 1.103 *** (1.099–1.106) |
Disabled (1 = yes) | 1.052 (0.921–1.200) | 0.985 (0.833–1.165) | 1.518 *** (1.355–1.701) |
Non-smoking (1 = yes) | 1.343 *** (1.176–1.534) | 1.308 ** (1.095–1.563) | 1.353 *** (1.243–1.472) |
BMI centered | 0.991 (0.976–1.006) | 0.981 * (0.962–1.000) | 0.995 (0.985–1.006) |
Year 2004 20 | 0.889 ** (0.822–0.960) | 0.894 * (0.806–0.991) | 0.909 *** (0.864–0.958) |
Year 2012 21 | 1.018 (0.914–1.133) | 0.990 (0.855–1.147) | 1.019 (0.948–1.094) |
Observations | 28,574 | 16,496 | 57,323 |
Number of individuals | 6179 | 3550 | 12,542 |
Pseudo-R2 | 0.145 | 0.162 | 0.102 |
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Hadwiger, M.; König, H.-H.; Hajek, A. Determinants of Frequent Attendance of Outpatient Physicians: A Longitudinal Analysis Using the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 1553. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091553
Hadwiger M, König H-H, Hajek A. Determinants of Frequent Attendance of Outpatient Physicians: A Longitudinal Analysis Using the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(9):1553. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091553
Chicago/Turabian StyleHadwiger, Moritz, Hans-Helmut König, and André Hajek. 2019. "Determinants of Frequent Attendance of Outpatient Physicians: A Longitudinal Analysis Using the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP)" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 9: 1553. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091553