Maternal Depression: Relationship to Food Insecurity and Preschooler Fruit/Vegetable Consumption
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Sample and Procedures
2.2. The Family Map Inventory
2.2.1. Maternal Depression
2.2.2. Fruit/Vegetable Consumption
2.2.3. Food Insecurity
2.3. Analysis Plan
3. Results
3.1. Maternal Depression
3.2. Demographics
3.3. Child Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Food Insecurity
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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During the Past 2 Weeks, How Often: | Not at All (0) | Several Days (1) | More Than ½ the Days (2) | Nearly Every Day (3) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Have you been bothered by feeling down, depressed, or hopeless? | 76.5% | 17.0% | 4.9% | 1.6% |
Have you been bothered by having little interest or pleasure in doing things? | 82.1% | 14.0% | 2.9% | 1.0% |
Demographics | Depression Level | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
No Symptom Mothers a (n = 499) 72.0% | Low Symptom Mothers a (n = 154) 22.2% | High Symptom Mothers a (n = 40) 5.8% | Full Sample (n = 693) | |
Ethnicity | ||||
White | 22.2% | 22.7% | 20.0% | 22.2% |
Black | 57.5% | 50.0% | 55.0% | 55.7% |
Hispanic | 12.8% | 18.2% | 17.5% | 14.3% |
Other | 7.4% | 9.1% | 7.5% | 7.8% |
Primary Caregiver Employed ** | 70.4% | 65.1% | 45.0% | 67.7% |
No other adult in the home | 39.1% | 37.3% | 35.0% | 38.5% |
Has Partner/Married | 56.3% | 62.0% | 50.0% | 57.2% |
Education (High School HS) | ||||
No HS Diploma/No GED | 11.6% | 16.2% | 15.0% | 12.8% |
HS Graduate/GED | 37.6% | 34.4% | 42.5% | 37.2% |
Some Post Secondary Ed | 50.8% | 49.4% | 42.5% | 50.0% |
Target Child is Male | 49.2% | 40.7% | 38.5% | 46.6% |
Mean number of children living in the home (SD) *** | 2.14 (1.07) | 2.39 (1.23) | 2.75 (1.37) | 2.23 (1.14) |
Child Risk | Unadjusted Odds Ratio Low Depression Symptoms (95% CI) | Adjusted a Odds Ratio Low Depression Symptoms (95% CI) | Unadjusted Odds Ratio High Depression Symptoms (95% CI) | Adjusted a Odds Ratio High Depression Symptoms (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fruit/Vegetable Consumption | 1.30 (0.87–1.92) | 1.57 * (1.01–2.45) | 2.53 * (1.97–5.84) | 2.90 * (1.21–7.00) |
Food Insecurity | 2.07 ** (1.29–3.33) | 2.14 ** (1.28–3.58) | 6.36 *** (3.20–12.65) | 7.81 *** (3.71–16.45) |
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Ward, W.L.; Swindle, T.M.; Kyzer, A.L.; Edge, N.; Sumrall, J.; Whiteside-Mansell, L. Maternal Depression: Relationship to Food Insecurity and Preschooler Fruit/Vegetable Consumption. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 123. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010123
Ward WL, Swindle TM, Kyzer AL, Edge N, Sumrall J, Whiteside-Mansell L. Maternal Depression: Relationship to Food Insecurity and Preschooler Fruit/Vegetable Consumption. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(1):123. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010123
Chicago/Turabian StyleWard, Wendy L., Taren M. Swindle, Angela L. Kyzer, Nicola Edge, Jasmin Sumrall, and Leanne Whiteside-Mansell. 2020. "Maternal Depression: Relationship to Food Insecurity and Preschooler Fruit/Vegetable Consumption" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 1: 123. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010123