Associations between Handgrip Strength with Adverse Cardiometabolic Health among Representative Korean Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Participants
2.2. Handgrip Strength
2.3. Cardiometabolic Risk Factors
2.4. Covariates
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Overall (n = 7602) | Male (n = 3383) | Female (n = 4219) | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (ears) 1 | 56.40 | ±0.22 | 55.75 | ±0.24 | 57.04 | ±0.25 | <0.001 |
Handgrip strength (kg) | 30.24 | ±0.15 | 38.51 | ±0.18 | 22.19 | ±0.11 | <0.001 |
Related handgrip strength (%) | 46.78 | ±0.20 | 55.21 | ±0.24 | 38.58 | ±0.21 | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.19 | ±0.05 | 24.47 | ±0.06 | 23.91 | ±0.07 | <0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 83.60 | ±0.16 | 86.70 | ±0.18 | 80.59 | ±0.23 | <0.001 |
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | 104.01 | ±0.37 | 106.99 | ±0.53 | 101.11 | ±0.45 | <0.001 |
Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 5.80 | ±0.01 | 5.84 | ±0.02 | 5.76 | ±0.02 | <0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 120.93 | ±0.28 | 122.19 | ±0.34 | 119.70 | ±0.37 | <0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 77.02 | ±0.17 | 79.13 | ±0.24 | 74.96 | ±0.19 | <0.001 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 50.19 | ±0.18 | 46.73 | ±0.22 | 53.56 | ±0.25 | <0.001 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 148.83 | ±2.16 | 173.26 | ±3.94 | 125.06 | ±1.65 | <0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 196.64 | ±0.57 | 193.79 | ±0.86 | 199.41 | ±0.65 | <0.001 |
Cardiometabolic risk factors (numbers) | 2.61 | ±0.03 | 2.78 | ±0.03 | 2.45 | ±0.03 | <0.001 |
Education (n (%)) 2 | |||||||
<High School | 3138 | (34.7) | 1153 | (27.9) | 1985 | (41.3) | <0.001 |
High School | 2235 | (32.0) | 1008 | (31.1) | 1227 | (32.8) | |
>High School | 2229 | (33.3) | 1222 | (41.0) | 1007 | (25.9) | |
Household income (n (%)) | |||||||
Q1 | 1719 | (18.4) | 679 | (15.3) | 1040 | (21.5) | <0.001 |
Q2 | 1845 | (22.7) | 825 | (22.4) | 1020 | (23.0) | |
Q3 | 1887 | (27.0) | 856 | (27.5) | 1031 | (26.4) | |
Q4 | 2151 | (31.9) | 1023 | (34.9) | 1128 | (29.1) | |
Alcohol consumption (n (%)) | |||||||
Never | 2426 | (28.0) | 694 | (17.3) | 1732 | (38.3) | <0.001 |
Once a week | 3511 | (47.7) | 1401 | (43.1) | 2110 | (52.1) | |
Two–three times/week | 1064 | (16.1) | 785 | (25.1) | 279 | (7.3) | |
≥Four times/week | 601 | (8.3) | 503 | (14.4) | 98 | (2.3) | |
Smoking status (n (%)) | |||||||
Never | 4642 | (57.1) | 715 | (20.9) | 3927 | (92.4) | <0.001 |
Former | 1725 | (23.6) | 1590 | (44.5) | 135 | (3.2) | |
Current | 1235 | (19.3) | 1078 | (34.6) | 157 | (4.4) | |
MVPA (n (%)) | |||||||
Low | 6523 | (83.6) | 2782 | (79.7) | 3741 | (87.4) | <0.001 |
High | 1079 | (16.4) | 601 | (20.3) | 478 | (12.6) |
Characteristics | Handgrip Strength Level | p-Value | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 (n = 1894) | Q2 (n = 1855) | Q3 (n = 1908) | Q4 (n = 1945) | ||||||
Age (years) 1 | 62.40 | ±0.40 | 57.24 | ±0.32 | 55.13 | ±0.28 | 52.18 | ±0.24 | <0.001 |
Percentage of men (n (%)) 2 | 808 | (45.4) | 876 | (51.3) | 852 | (50.8) | 847 | (49.3) | 0.016 |
Lowest educational level (n (%)) | 1144 | (53.4) | 813 | (37.8) | 673 | (29.6) | 508 | (22.0) | <0.001 |
Lowest quartile of household income (n (%)) | 726 | (33.4) | 419 | (18.5) | 359 | (15.8) | 215 | (9.1) | <0.001 |
Highest alcohol consumption (n (%)) | 126 | (6.7) | 168 | (9.4) | 170 | (9.3) | 137 | (7.6) | <0.001 |
Current smoker (n (%)) | 254 | (16.3) | 286 | (18.0) | 327 | (20.6) | 368 | (21.6) | 0.004 |
Higher MVPA (n (%)) | 153 | (9.3) | 248 | (15.3) | 332 | (20.4) | 346 | (19.2) | <0.001 |
Individual adverse cardiometabolic risk factors | |||||||||
Abdominal obesity (n (%)) | 1063 | (56.8) | 770 | (41.4) | 465 | (24.4) | 181 | (9.2) | <0.001 |
High fasting blood glucose (n (%)) | 1095 | (57.6) | 898 | (47.6) | 800 | (41.8) | 665 | (34.0) | <0.001 |
High Hemoglobin A1c (n (%)) | 409 | (20.7) | 273 | (13.5) | 185 | (9.3) | 123 | (6.1) | <0.001 |
High blood pressure (n (%)) | 1228 | (63.0) | 1043 | (52.5) | 925 | (46.5) | 740 | (37.3) | <0.001 |
Low HDL (n (%)) | 928 | (48.4) | 694 | (35.6) | 637 | (31.9) | 512 | (25.4) | <0.001 |
High TG (n (%)) | 717 | (40.1) | 671 | (38.3) | 591 | (32.3) | 489 | (25.6) | <0.001 |
High total cholesterol (n (%)) | 906 | (51.9) | 1010 | (57.4) | 1091 | (58.1) | 1131 | (58.1) | <0.001 |
Adverse cardiometabolic risk factors, ≥3 (n (%)) | 1310 | (69.4) | 1043 | (55.3) | 878 | (45.9) | 621 | (31.1) | <0.001 |
Handgrip Strength | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | |
Q1 (n = 1894) | 1.00 | (reference) | 1.00 | (reference) | 1.00 | (reference) |
Q2 (n = 1855) | 0.78 | (0.65–0.92) * | 0.81 | (0.68–0.96) * | 0.81 | (0.68–0.96) * |
Q3 (n = 1908) | 0.77 | (0.64–0.93) * | 0.80 | (0.67–0.97) * | 0.81 | (0.67–0.98) * |
Q4 (n = 1945) | 0.71 | (0.58–0.87) * | 0.75 | (0.61–0.92) * | 0.76 | (0.61–0.94) * |
p-Value | 0.003 | 0.015 | 0.023 |
Handgrip Strength | No. | OR | (95% CI) | No. | OR | (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men (n = 3383) | Women (n = 4219) | |||||
Q1 | 808 | 1.00 | (reference) | 1086 | 1.00 | (reference) |
Q2 | 876 | 0.87 | (0.69–1.10) | 979 | 0.89 | (0.75–1.08) |
Q3 | 852 | 0.69 | (0.52–0.91) * | 1056 | 0.96 | (0.78–1.22) |
Q4 | 847 | 0.67 | (0.50–0.91) * | 1098 | 0.87 | (0.66–1.14) |
p-Value | <0.001 | 0.736 | ||||
Age < 65 years (n = 5033) | Age ≥ 65 years (n = 2569) | |||||
Q1 | 794 | 1.00 | (reference) | 1100 | 1.00 | (reference) |
Q2 | 1156 | 0.79 | (0.63–1.00) | 699 | 0.84 | (0.65–1.08) |
Q3 | 1415 | 0.81 | (0.63–1.03) | 493 | 0.67 | (0.50–0.89) * |
Q4 | 1668 | 0.76 | (0.58–0.99) * | 277 | 0.68 | (0.47–0.98) * |
p-Value | 0.117 | 0.005 |
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An, K.-O.; Kim, J. Associations between Handgrip Strength with Adverse Cardiometabolic Health among Representative Korean Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 269. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010269
An K-O, Kim J. Associations between Handgrip Strength with Adverse Cardiometabolic Health among Representative Korean Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(1):269. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010269
Chicago/Turabian StyleAn, Keun-Ok, and Junghoon Kim. 2020. "Associations between Handgrip Strength with Adverse Cardiometabolic Health among Representative Korean Adults" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 1: 269. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010269