Mineral Intake Status of Community-Dwelling Elderly from Urban and Rural Areas of South Korea: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013~2016
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Outcome Measure
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Men (n = 2271) | Women (n = 3021) | Total (n = 5292) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urban (n = 1627) | Rural (n = 644) | p Value | Urban (n = 2160) | Rural (n = 861) | p Value | Urban (n = 3787) | Rural (n = 1505) | p Value | ||
Age (year) | 72.0 ± 0.1 | 73.0 ± 0.2 | <0.001 | 72.6 ± 0.1 | 73.8 ± 0.2 | <0.001 | 72.4 ± 0.1 | 73.4 ± 0.2 | <0.001 | |
65–74 | 1055 (64.8) | 382 (59.3) | 0.001 | 1351 (62.5) | 449 (52.2) | <0.001 | 2406 (64.5) | 831 (55.1) | <0.001 | |
≥75 | 572 (35.2) | 262 (40.7) | 809 (37.5) | 412 (47.9) | 1381 (35.5) | 674 (44.9) | ||||
Education level (%) | ≤Elementary | 583 (35.7) | 309 (47.2) | <0.001 | 1429 (65.8) | 662 (75.3) | <0.001 | 2012 (52.4) | 971 (63.0) | <0.001 |
≤Middle school | 254 (15.5) | 115 (17.3) | 242 (10.9) | 46 (5.5) | 496 (12.9) | 161 (10.6) | ||||
≥High school | 790 (48.8) | 220 (35.6) | 489 (23.3) | 153 (19.2) | 1279 (34.7) | 373 (26.4) | ||||
Income (%) | Low | 631 (38.5) | 339 (54.5) | <0.001 | 1073 (48.8) | 547 (65.3) | <0.001 | 1704 (44.2) | 886 (60.6) | <0.001 |
Middle-low | 487 (28.6) | 178 (27.3) | 559 (25.2) | 184 (20.3) | 1046 (26.7) | 362 (23.3) | ||||
Middle-high | 282 (18.7) | 86 (12.7) | 301 (15.5) | 74 (8.9) | 583 (16.9) | 160 (10.6) | ||||
High | 213 (14.2) | 36 (5.6) | 212 (10.6) | 45 (5.5) | 425 (12.2) | 81 (5.5) | ||||
Marital status (%) | Married | 1409 (87.3) | 569 (89.0) | 0.304 | 1025 (46.3) | 417 (45.2) | 0.655 | 2434 (64.6) | 986 (64.3) | 0.909 |
Others (1) | 218 (12.8) | 75 (11.0) | 1135 (53.7) | 444 (54.8) | 1353 (35.4) | 519 (35.7) | ||||
Alcohol intake (%) | Never | 547 (34.8) | 241 (38.7) | 0.002 | 1363 (63.8) | 579 (69.3) | 0.072 | 1910 (50.9) | 820 (56.0) | 0.001 |
≤1/month | 263 (15.9) | 96 (16.1) | 524 (25.2) | 177 (20.7) | 787 (21.1) | 273 (18.7) | ||||
2–4/month | 303 (19.0) | 81 (11.6) | 133 (6.3) | 47 (5.6) | 436 (11.9) | 128 (8.1) | ||||
≥2/week | 476 (30.4) | 207 (33.7) | 97 (4.7) | 36 (4.5) | 573 (16.1) | 243 (17.2) | ||||
Smoking status (%) | Past/never | 1229 (79.8) | 482 (81.1) | 0.560 | 1950 (97.2) | 747 (95.5) | 0.191 | 3179 (89.4) | 1229 (89.1) | 0.852 |
Current | 301 (20.2) | 111 (18.9) | 54 (2.9) | 25 (4.5) | 355 (10.6) | 136 (10.9) | ||||
Nutrition education (%) | Yes | 72 (4.2) | 31 (3.9) | 0.788 | 121 (5.9) | 54 (6.1) | 0.808 | 193 (5.1) | 85 (5.2) | 0.964 |
No | 1551 (95.8) | 613 (96.1) | 2032 (94.1) | 804 (93.9) | 3583 (94.9) | 1417 (94.8) | ||||
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.6 ± 0.1 | 23.4 ± 0.1 | 0.151 | 24.4 ± 0.1 | 24.2 ± 0.2 | 0.251 | 24.0 ± 0.1 | 23.8 ± 0.1 | 0.125 | |
<23 | 692 (41.2) | 292 (46.4) | 0.063 | 740 (34.0) | 321 (36.7) | 0.311 | 1432 (37.2) | 613 (40.9) | 0.040 | |
23~<25 | 443 (28.3) | 153 (23.9) | 549 (25.9) | 203 (22.9) | 992 (26.9) | 356 (23.3) | ||||
≥25 | 492 (30.5) | 199 (29.7) | 871 (40.1) | 337 (40.5) | 1363 (35.8) | 536 (35.8) |
Men (n = 2271) | Women (n = 3021) | Total (n = 5292) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urban (n = 1627) | Rural (n = 644) | p Value | Urban (n = 2160) | Rural (n = 861) | p Value | Urban (n = 3787) | Rural (n = 1505) | p Value | |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 127.0 ± 0.5 | 125.4 ± 0.9 | 0.090 | 129.8 ± 0.5 | 129.2 ± 0.8 | 0.153 | 128.6 ± 0.2 | 127.5 ± 0.7 | 0.051 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 72.3 ± 0.3 | 70.8 ± 0.6 | 0.276 | 72.0 ± 0.3 | 71.6 ± 0.4 | 0.927 | 72.2 ± 0.2 | 71.3 ± 0.4 | 0.448 |
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | 109.1 ± 0.9 | 106.7 ± 1.2 | 0.200 | 106.4 ± 0.6 | 105.6 ± 1.4 | 0.731 | 107.7 ± 0.5 | 106.1 ± 0.9 | 0.255 |
Hemoglobin (mg/dL) | 14.5 ± 0.1 | 14.5 ± 0.1 | 0.385 | 13.1 ± 0.1 | 13.0 ± 0.1 | 0.450 | 13.7 ± 0.1 | 13.7 ± 0.1 | 0.996 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 134.4 ± 2.5 | 139.0 ± 3.9 | 0.394 | 135.6 ± 1.9 | 149.0 ± 5.2 | 0.022 | 135.0 ± 1.6 | 144.4 ± 3.5 | 0.026 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 179.3 ± 1.1 | 178.2 ± 1.8 | 0.611 | 192.0 ± 1.0 | 194.2 ± 1.7 | 0.276 | 186.1 ± 0.8 | 186.9 ± 1.3 | 0.646 |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 46.4 ± 0.4 | 46.2 ± 0.5 | 0.913 | 49.9 ± 0.3 | 48.2 ± 0.5 | 0.023 | 48.3 ± 0.3 | 47.3 ± 0.4 | 0.082 |
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 198.8 ± 1.3 | 196.6 ± 2.2 | 0.450 | 214.8 ± 1.2 | 212.6 ± 2.0 | 0.481 | 207.4 ± 0.9 | 205.3 ± 1.5 | 0.308 |
Men (n = 2271) | Women (n = 3021) | Total (n = 5292) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urban (n = 1627) | Rural (n = 644) | p Value | Urban (n = 2160) | Rural (n = 861) | p Value | Urban (n = 3787) | Rural (n = 1505) | p Value | ||
Energy (kcal) | 1919.5 ± 19.4 | 1971.8 ± 30.9 | 0.002 | 1460.7 ± 14.4 | 1468.2 ± 23.8 | 0.057 | 1665.4 ± 13.2 | 1688.0 ± 23.0 | 0.001 | |
Energy distribution | % Carbohydrate | 71.5 ± 0.3 | 73.9 ± 0.4 | <0.001 | 73.9 ± 0.3 | 77.3 ± 0.4 | <0.001 | 72.8 ± 0.2 | 75.8 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
% Protein | 13.8 ± 0.1 | 13.4 ± 0.2 | 0.158 | 12.8 ± 0.1 | 12.1 ± 0.2 | 0.002 | 13.2 ± 0.1 | 12.6 ± 0.1 | 0.002 | |
% Fat | 14.7 ± 0.2 | 12.8 ± 0.3 | <0.001 | 13.3 ± 0.2 | 10.7 ± 0.3 | <0.001 | 13.9 ± 0.2 | 11.6 ± 0.3 | <0.001 | |
Calcium (mg) | 469.0 ± 10.1 | 421.8 ± 12.6 | 0.001 | 361.9 ± 6.1 | 330.4 ± 10.1 | 0.045 | 409.7 ± 6.1 | 370.3 ± 9.1 | 0.001 | |
Calcium (mg/1000 kcal) | 247.0 ± 4.0 | 216.9 ± 5.1 | <0.001 | 249.5 ± 3.5 | 226.3 ± 6.2 | 0.035 | 248.3 ± 2.8 | 222.2 ± 4.8 | 0.001 | |
Animal calcium (mg) | 151.4 ± 7.6 | 120.7 ± 8.0 | 0.017 | 121.1 ± 4.4 | 99.3 ± 6.7 | 0.081 | 134.6 ± 4.3 | 108.7 ± 5.6 | 0.005 | |
Animal calcium (%) | 26.5 ± 0.6 | 24.0 ± 0.9 | 0.265 | 26.9 ± 0.6 | 22.9 ± 0.9 | 0.008 | 26.7 ± 0.4 | 23.4 ± 0.7 | 0.008 | |
Phosphorus (mg) | 1018.6 ± 13.5 | 977.8 ± 21.1 | 0.010 | 774.7 ± 9.5 | 715.1 ± 15.9 | <0.001 | 883.6 ± 9.2 | 829.8 ± 15.2 | <0.001 | |
Phosphorus (mg/1000 kcal) | 532.9 ± 4.1 | 496.2 ± 6.3 | 0.002 | 530.4 ± 3.6 | 485.7 ± 6.6 | <0.001 | 531.5 ± 3.0 | 490.2 ± 5.5 | <0.001 | |
Calcium: Phosphorus ratio | 0.45:1 | 0.43:1 | 0.015 | 0.46:1 | 0.46:1 | 0.873 | 0.46:1 | 0.45:1 | 0.177 | |
Sodium (mg) | 3736.4 ± 69.2 | 3740.5 ± 119.0 | 0.723 | 2625.3 ± 45.2 | 2686.7 ± 97.2 | 0.502 | 3121.0 ± 44.0 | 3146.8 ± 86.8 | 0.816 | |
Sodium (mg/1000 kcal) | 1969.6 ± 32.5 | 1929.9 ± 50.5 | 0.863 | 1809.8 ± 26.6 | 1848.0 ± 59.6 | 0.570 | 1881.1 ± 21.4 | 1883.7 ± 45.1 | 0.738 | |
Potassium (mg) | 3013.1 ± 45.5 | 2876.6 ± 72.1 | 0.043 | 2435.2 ± 35.6 | 2243.8 ± 60.7 | 0.034 | 2693.1 ± 32.3 | 2520.1 ± 56.4 | 0.010 | |
Potassium (mg/1000 kcal) | 1577.5 ± 15.7 | 1467.4 ± 26.9 | 0.035 | 1677.8 ± 18.7 | 1521.7 ± 32.1 | 0.007 | 1633.0 ± 13.6 | 1498.0 ± 25.8 | 0.003 |
Men (n = 2271) | Women (n = 3021) | Total (n = 5292) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urban (n = 1627) | Rural (n = 644) | p Value | Urban (n = 2160) | Rural (n = 861) | p Value | Urban (n = 3787) | Rural (n = 1505) | p Value | ||
Calcium | RNI (%) | 67.0 ± 1.5 | 60.3 ± 1.8 | 0.001 | 45.2 ± 0.8 | 41.3 ± 1.3 | 0.045 | 54.9 ± 0.8 | 49.6 ± 1.2 | 0.001 |
<75% RNI | 1098 (68.1) | 489 (75.8) | 0.011 | 1901 (87.5) | 778 (89.2) | 0.511 | 2999 (78.9) | 1267 (83.4) | 0.011 | |
75–125% RNI | 420 (25.8) | 125 (19.2) | 219 (10.7) | 67 (8.9) | 639 (17.4) | 192 (13.4) | ||||
>125% RNI | 109 (6.1) | 30 (5.0) | 40 (1.8) | 16 (1.9) | 149 (3.8) | 46 (3.2) | ||||
<EAR | 1199 (74.3) | 522 (81.4) | 0.003 | 1829 (84.2) | 769 (88.1) | 0.033 | 3028 (79.8) | 1291 (85.2) | 0.001 | |
Phosphorus | RNI (%) | 145.5 ± 1.9 | 139.7 ± 3.0 | 0.010 | 110.7 ± 1.4 | 102.2 ± 2.3 | <0.001 | 126.2 ± 1.3 | 118.5 ± 2.2 | <0.001 |
<75% RNI | 126 (8.0) | 68 (9.2) | 0.264 | 550 (25.3) | 280 (34.0) | <0.001 | 676 (17.6) | 348 (23.2) | 0.001 | |
75–125% RNI | 566 (35.3) | 238 (38.5) | 907 (42.3) | 361 (40.7) | 1473 (39.1) | 599 (39.8) | ||||
>125% RNI | 935 (56.7) | 338 (52.3) | 703 (32.5) | 220 (25.3) | 1638 (43.3) | 558 (37.1) | ||||
<EAR | 190 (11.8) | 109 (16.2) | 0.021 | 714 (33.1) | 343 (40.8) | 0.001 | 904 (23.6) | 452 (30.1) | 0.001 | |
Sodium | GI (%) | 186.8 ± 3.5 | 187.0 ± 6.0 | 0.723 | 131.3 ± 2.3 | 134.3 ± 4.9 | 0.502 | 156.1 ± 2.2 | 157.3 ± 4.3 | 0.816 |
>GI | 1297 (79.6) | 508 (79.07) | 0.789 | 1236 (56.9) | 483 (54.3) | 0.285 | 2533 (67.1) | 991 (65.1) | 0.322 | |
Potassium | AI (%) | 86.1 ± 1.3 | 82.2 ± 2.1 | 0.043 | 69.6 ± 1.0 | 64.1 ± 1.7 | 0.034 | 76.9 ± 0.9 | 72.0 ± 1.6 | 0.010 |
<75% AI | 726 (46.7) | 336 (53.3) | 0.029 | 1387 (63.9) | 625 (72.5) | 0.001 | 2110 (56.2) | 961 (64.1) | <0.001 | |
75–125% AI | 643 (37.9) | 214 (31.5) | 623 (29.2) | 179 (21.1) | 1266 (33.1) | 393 (25.7) | ||||
>125% AI | 258 (15.4) | 94 (15.2) | 153 (6.9) | 57 (6.4) | 411 (10.7) | 151 (25.7) |
Men (n = 2271) | Women (n = 3021) | Total (n = 5292) | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urban (n = 1627) | Rural (n = 644) | Urban (n = 2160) | Rural (n = 861) | Urban (n = 3787) | Rural (n = 1505) | ||||||||||||||
Minerals | Rank | Food name | % | Cum% | Food name | % | Cum% | Food name | % | Cum% | Food name | % | Cum% | Food name | % | Cum% | Food name | % | Cum% |
Calcium | 1 | Kimchi (1) | 10.6 | 10.6 | Kimchi (1) | 13.0 | 13.0 | Milk | 11.2 | 11.2 | Kimchi (1) | 10.1 | 10.1 | Kimchi (1) | 9.6 | 9.6 | Kimchi (1) | 11.5 | 11.5 |
2 | Milk | 7.3 | 17.9 | Milk | 5.5 | 18.5 | Kimchi (1) | 8.5 | 19.7 | Milk | 7.2 | 17.3 | Milk | 9.2 | 18.8 | Milk | 6.3 | 17.8 | |
3 | Anchovy | 6.4 | 24.4 | Anchovy | 4.9 | 23.4 | Anchovy | 5.2 | 24.9 | Anchovy | 5.5 | 22.7 | Anchovy | 5.8 | 24.7 | Anchovy | 5.2 | 23.0 | |
4 | Soybean | 3.7 | 28.1 | White rice | 3.9 | 27.3 | Soybean | 3.5 | 28.5 | White rice | 4.3 | 27.0 | Soybean | 3.6 | 28.3 | White rice | 4.1 | 27.1 | |
5 | Pond loach | 3.2 | 31.3 | Soybean | 3.5 | 30.8 | White rice | 3.1 | 31.5 | Soybean | 3.1 | 30.1 | White rice | 3.0 | 31.3 | Soybean | 3.3 | 30.4 | |
6 | White rice | 2.9 | 34.2 | Pond loach | 2.7 | 33.4 | Yoghurt, Liquid type | 3.0 | 34.5 | Yoghurt, Liquid type | 2.6 | 32.7 | Sea mustard | 2.7 | 34.0 | Welsh onion | 2.4 | 32.9 | |
7 | Sea mustard | 2.8 | 37.0 | Welsh onion | 2.5 | 35.9 | Sea mustard | 2.7 | 37.2 | Welsh onion | 2.4 | 35.1 | Pond loach | 2.6 | 36.6 | Sea mustard | 2.2 | 35.1 | |
8 | Tofu | 2.3 | 39.3 | Tofu | 2.1 | 38.1 | Egg | 2.0 | 39.2 | Sea mustard | 2.3 | 37.4 | Yoghurt, Liquid type | 2.4 | 39.0 | Yoghurt, Liquid type | 2.1 | 37.2 | |
9 | Welsh onion | 2.2 | 41.5 | Coffee | 2.1 | 40.2 | Pond loach | 2.0 | 41.1 | Crab | 2.1 | 39.5 | Tofu | 2.1 | 41.1 | Pond loach | 2.0 | 39.1 | |
10 | Egg | 2.0 | 43.5 | Sea mustard | 2.1 | 42.2 | Tofu | 1.9 | 43.0 | Doenjang | 2.1 | 41.7 | Welsh onion | 2.0 | 43.1 | Doenjang | 2.0 | 41.1 | |
Phosphorus | 1 | White rice | 16.5 | 16.5 | White rice | 21.0 | 21.0 | White rice | 17.9 | 17.8 | White rice | 23.7 | 23.7 | White rice | 17.1 | 17.1 | White rice | 22.3 | 22.3 |
2 | Soybean | 4.7 | 21.2 | Soybean | 4.2 | 25.2 | Soybean | 4.6 | 22.4 | Soybean | 3.9 | 27.6 | Soybean | 4.6 | 21.8 | Soybean | 4.1 | 26.4 | |
3 | Egg | 3.2 | 24.5 | Kimchi (1) | 3.4 | 28.6 | Milk | 4.4 | 26.8 | Kimchi (1) | 2.8 | 30.4 | Milk | 3.7 | 25.5 | Kimchi (1) | 3.1 | 29.5 | |
4 | Glutinous rice | 3.0 | 27.5 | Pork | 3.2 | 31.9 | Glutinous rice | 3.6 | 30.4 | Brown rice | 2.7 | 33.1 | Glutinous rice | 3.3 | 28.8 | Brown rice | 2.7 | 32.2 | |
5 | Brown rice | 3.0 | 30.5 | Egg | 2.7 | 34.6 | Brown rice | 3.3 | 33.6 | Milk | 2.4 | 35.5 | Egg | 3.2 | 32.0 | Pork | 2.6 | 34.8 | |
6 | Kimchi (1) | 3.0 | 33.5 | Brown rice | 2.7 | 37.3 | Egg | 3.2 | 36.8 | Egg | 2.4 | 37.9 | Brown rice | 3.1 | 35.1 | Egg | 2.5 | 37.4 | |
7 | Milk | 3.0 | 36.4 | Tofu | 2.6 | 39.9 | Beef | 2.5 | 39.3 | Anchovy | 2.3 | 40.2 | Kimchi (1) | 2.7 | 37.8 | Tofu | 2.3 | 39.7 | |
8 | Tofu | 2.9 | 39.3 | Coffee | 2.5 | 42.5 | Tofu | 2.4 | 41.7 | Glutinous rice | 2.3 | 42.5 | Tofu | 2.7 | 40.5 | Glutinous rice | 2.3 | 42.0 | |
9 | Pork | 2.9 | 42.2 | Beef | 2.4 | 44.9 | Kimchi (1) | 2.4 | 44.1 | Beef | 2.1 | 44.6 | Beef | 2.6 | 43.1 | Beef | 2.2 | 44.2 | |
10 | Anchovy | 2.9 | 45.0 | Glutinous rice | 2.3 | 47.1 | Anchovy | 2.3 | 46.4 | Tofu | 2.0 | 46.6 | Anchovy | 2.6 | 45.7 | Milk | 2.2 | 46.4 | |
Sodium | 1 | Salt | 18.4 | 18.4 | Salt | 18.3 | 18.3 | Salt | 17.3 | 17.3 | Salt | 16.2 | 16.2 | Salt | 17.9 | 17.9 | Salt | 17.3 | 17.3 |
2 | Kimchi (1) | 13.2 | 31.6 | Kimchi (1) | 14.3 | 32.5 | Doenjang | 13.7 | 31.0 | Doenjang | 15.8 | 32.1 | Kimchi (1) | 12.3 | 30.2 | Doenjang | 14.1 | 31.4 | |
3 | Doenjang | 10.9 | 42.6 | Doenjang | 12.5 | 45.0 | Kimchi (1) | 11.3 | 42.3 | Kimchi (1) | 12.0 | 44.0 | Doenjang | 12.3 | 42.4 | Kimchi (1) | 13.1 | 44.5 | |
4 | Soy sauce | 10.6 | 53.2 | Soy sauce | 10.3 | 55.3 | Soy sauce | 10.5 | 52.9 | Soy sauce | 10.6 | 54.6 | Soy sauce | 10.6 | 53.0 | Soy sauce | 10.4 | 55.0 | |
5 | Fermented red pepper paste | 3.6 | 56.8 | Noodle | 4.2 | 59.5 | Noodle | 3.4 | 56.2 | Noodle | 4.0 | 58.6 | Noodle | 3.3 | 56.4 | Noodle | 4.1 | 59.1 | |
6 | Noodle | 3.3 | 60.1 | Ramyeon | 3.6 | 63.1 | Fermented red pepper paste | 2.6 | 58.8 | Fermented red pepper paste | 2.6 | 61.2 | Fermented red pepper paste | 3.1 | 59.5 | Fermented red pepper paste | 3.0 | 62.0 | |
7 | Ramyeon | 3.0 | 63.0 | Fermented red pepper paste | 3.3 | 66.4 | Ramyeon | 2.3 | 61.1 | Kimchi, Dongchimi | 2.5 | 63.7 | Ramyeon | 2.6 | 62.1 | Ramyeon | 2.6 | 64.6 | |
8 | Salt-fermented seafood | 2.1 | 65.2 | Salt-fermented seafood | 3.0 | 69.4 | Sea mustard | 2.2 | 63.3 | Rice cake | 2.2 | 65.9 | Sea mustard | 2.1 | 64.2 | Salt-fermented seafood | 2.5 | 67.2 | |
9 | Sea mustard | 2.1 | 67.3 | Kimchi, Dongchimi | 1.8 | 71.2 | Rice cake | 2.2 | 65.4 | Kimchi, Yeolmumulkimchi | 2.1 | 68.1 | Salt-fermented seafood | 2.0 | 66.2 | Kimchi, Nabakkimchi | 2.2 | 69.3 | |
10 | Kimchi, Yeolmumulkimchi, | 1.5 | 68.8 | Kimchi, Yeolmumulkimchi | 1.6 | 72.8 | Kimchi, Nabakkimchi | 2.1 | 67.6 | Salt-fermented seafood | 2.0 | 70.1 | Kimchi, Yeolmumulkimchi | 1.8 | 68.0 | Kimchi, Yeolmumulkimchi | 1.9 | 71.2 | |
Potassium | 1 | White rice | 10.8 | 10.8 | White rice | 13.7 | 13.7 | White rice | 10.9 | 10.9 | White rice | 14.6 | 14.6 | White rice | 10.8 | 10.8 | White rice | 14.2 | 14.2 |
2 | Kimchi (1) | 5.1 | 15.9 | Kimchi (1) | 5.8 | 19.5 | Sweet potato | 4.3 | 15.2 | Oriental melon | 4.8 | 19.3 | Kimchi (1) | 4.4 | 15.3 | Kimchi (1) | 5.1 | 19.3 | |
3 | Soybean | 3.7 | 19.5 | Oriental melon | 4.3 | 23.8 | Oriental melon | 4.1 | 19.2 | Kimchi (1) | 4.5 | 23.8 | Sweet potato | 3.7 | 19.0 | Oriental melon | 4.5 | 23.8 | |
4 | Apple | 3.4 | 23.0 | Coffee | 3.4 | 27.3 | Kimchi (1) | 3.8 | 23.1 | Potato | 4.2 | 28.0 | Soybean | 3.5 | 22.5 | Potato | 3.7 | 27.5 | |
5 | Sweet potato | 3.1 | 26.0 | Soybean | 3.2 | 30.5 | Apple | 3.4 | 26.5 | Sweet potato | 3.6 | 31.6 | Apple | 3.4 | 25.9 | Sweet potato | 3.2 | 30.7 | |
6 | Coffee | 2.9 | 28.9 | Potato | 3.2 | 33.7 | Potato | 3.4 | 29.9 | Soybean | 2.9 | 34.5 | Oriental melon | 3.3 | 29.2 | Soybean | 3.1 | 33.7 | |
7 | Radish | 2.9 | 31.8 | Radish | 2.9 | 36.5 | Soybean | 3.3 | 33.2 | Apple | 2.5 | 37.0 | Potato | 2.9 | 32.0 | Coffee | 2.8 | 36.6 | |
8 | Oriental melon | 2.4 | 34.2 | Sweet potato | 2.7 | 39.2 | Radish | 2.6 | 35.8 | Radish | 2.3 | 39.3 | Radish | 2.7 | 34.7 | Radish | 2.6 | 39.1 | |
9 | Potato | 2.3 | 36.5 | Hot pepper | 2.3 | 41.5 | Milk | 2.4 | 38.2 | Coffee | 2.3 | 41.6 | Coffee | 2.5 | 37.2 | Apple | 2.3 | 41.4 | |
10 | Sea mustard | 2.3 | 38.8 | Apple | 2.0 | 43.5 | Coffee | 2.0 | 40.3 | Persimmon | 2.0 | 43.6 | Sea mustard | 2.1 | 39.3 | Hot pepper | 2.0 | 43.4 |
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Kim, J.-M.; Bae, Y.-J. Mineral Intake Status of Community-Dwelling Elderly from Urban and Rural Areas of South Korea: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013~2016. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3415. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103415
Kim J-M, Bae Y-J. Mineral Intake Status of Community-Dwelling Elderly from Urban and Rural Areas of South Korea: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013~2016. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(10):3415. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103415
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Ji-Myung, and Yun-Jung Bae. 2020. "Mineral Intake Status of Community-Dwelling Elderly from Urban and Rural Areas of South Korea: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013~2016" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 10: 3415. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103415