Impact of Hearing Aids on Poverty, Quality of Life and Mental Health in Guatemala: Results of a before and after Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate
2.2. Participants
2.3. Baseline Data Collection
2.4. Hearing Aid Provision and Follow-Up
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Baseline Characteristics | Cases | Comparison Subjects | Age–Sex Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Age–Sex Adjusted p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | <40 | 15 (11%) | 14 (16%) | Reference | <0.01 |
40–49 | 10 (7%) | 11 (12%) | 0.87 (0.28, 2.69) | ||
50–59 | 21 (16%) | 31 (35%) | 0.62 (0.25, 1.56) | ||
60–69 | 43 (32%) | 23 (26%) | 1.69 (0.69, 4.12) | ||
70+ | 46 (34%) | 10 (11%) | 4.14 (1.52, 11.29) | ||
Gender | Male | 75 (56%) | 39 (44%) | Reference | 0.18 |
Female | 60 (44%) | 50 (56%) | 0.68 (0.38, 1.20) | ||
Marital Status | Single | 26 (19%) | 20 (22%) | Reference | 0.16 |
Married/Living Together | 85 (63%) | 55 (62%) | 0.91 (0.42, 1.98) | ||
Divorced/Separated | 5 (4%) | 8 (9%) | 0.60 (0.16, 1.70) | ||
Widowed | 19 (14%) | 6 (7%) | 2.44 (0.82, 7.23) | ||
Literacy | Not at all | 8 (6%) | 3 (3%) | 1.89 (0.49, 7.36) | 0.37 |
Little | 13 (10%) | 5 (6%) | 1.85 (0.64, 5.39) | ||
Well | 114 (84%) | 81 (91%) | Reference | ||
Education Level | No Education | 10 (7%) | 4 (4%) | 1.59 (0.47, 5.35) | 0.57 |
Primary | 45 (33%) | 34 (38%) | 0.84 (0.48, 1.49) | ||
Secondary/University | 80 (59%) | 51 (57%) | Reference | ||
Asset Score | Quartile 1 (poorest) | 36 (27%) | 20 (22%) | Reference | |
Quartile 2 | 41 (30%) | 19 (21%) | 1.18 (0.52, 2.68) | 0.14 | |
Quartile 3 | 31 (23%) | 23 (26%) | 0.64 (0.28, 1.47) | ||
Quartile 4 (least poor) | 27 (20%) | 27 (30%) | 0.50 (0.22, 1.12) | ||
Employed | Yes | 61 (45%) | 56 (63%) | Reference | 0.09 |
No | 74 (55%) | 33 (37%) | 0.59 (0.33–1.08) |
Baseline | Follow-Up | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cases | Comparison Subjects | Age and Sex-Adjusted p-Value Comparing Cases and Comparison Subjects at Baseline | Cases | Comparison Subjects | p-Value for Change in Cases (Baseline Versus Follow-Up) | p-Value for Change in Comparison Subjects (Baseline Versus Follow-Up) | |
Median individual income US$ (IQR) | 155 (0, 405) | 271 (88, 445) | 0.01 | 121 (0, 405) | 162 (0, 472) | 0.25 | 0.01 |
Median household income US$ (IQR) | 490 (277, 828) | 614 (324, 1147) | 0.02 | 506 (234, 1012) | 540 (292, 1080) | 0.03 | 0.70 |
Mean PCE US$ (SD) | 99 (89) | 202 (381) | 0.003 | 111 (147) | 124 (167) | 0.21 | 0.03 |
Baseline | Follow-Up | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cases | Comparison Subjects | Age and Sex-Adjusted p-Value Comparing Cases and Comparison Subjects at Baseline | Cases | Comparison Subjects | p-Value for Change in Cases (Baseline Versus Follow-Up) | p-Value for Change in Comparison Subjects (Baseline Versus Follow-Up) | |
Household Tasks | 39% | 33% | 0.01 | 28% | 33% | <0.001 | 0.73 |
Paid/Self Employment | 9% | 11% | 0.53 | 16% | 14% | 0.05 | 0.33 |
Household Work | 6% | 4% | 0.63 | 5% | 5% | 0.81 | 0.49 |
Social Visits | 12% | 13% | 0.74 | 14% | 8% | 0.41 | 0.18 |
Leisure Activities | 28% | 32% | 0.07 | 25% | 33% | 0.85 | 0.92 |
Daytime Sleeping | 4% | 3% | 0.69 | 7% | 3% | 0.12 | 0.61 |
Other | 3% | 4% | 0.61 | 5% | 2% | 0.23 | 0.22 |
Baseline | Follow-Up | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cases | Comparison Subjects | Age and Sex-Adjusted p-Value Comparing Cases and Comparison Subjects at Baseline | Cases | Comparison Subjects | p-Value for Change in Cases (Baseline Versus Follow-Up) | p-Value for Change in Comparison Subjects (Baseline Versus Follow-Up) | ||
Depression | No | 130 | 88 | 0.50 | 135 | 89 | 0.03 | 0.32 |
Yes | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Depressive symptoms | No | 97 | 78 | 0.05 | 112 | 85 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
Yes (≥minimal) | 38 | 11 | 23 | 4 | ||||
Severity of depressive symptoms | Not | 97 | 78 | 0.20 | 112 | 85 | <0.01 | 0.03 |
Minimal | 19 | 7 | 18 | 3 | ||||
Minor | 13 | 4 | 4 | 0 | ||||
Moderate->Severe | 6 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Baseline | Follow-Up | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Cases | Comparison Subjects | Age and Sex-Adjusted p-Value Comparing Cases and Comparison Subjects at Baseline | Cases | Comparison Subjects | p-Value for Change in Cases (Baseline Versus Follow-Up) | p-Value for Change in Comparison Subjects (Baseline Versus Follow-Up) |
Overall Quality of Life | 3.6 (0.9) | 3.8 (0.7) | 0.20 | 3.8 (0.9) | 3.9 (0.7) | 0.01 | 0.56 |
Overall Health | 3.3 (1.0) | 3.7 (0.8) | 0.004 | 3.7 (0.8) | 3.7 (0.8) | <0.01 | 0.65 |
Physical | 14.6 (2.3) | 15.8 (2.1) | 0.003 | 15.0 (2.5) | 16.2 (2.1) | 0.01 | 0.07 |
Psychological | 14.6 (2.1) | 15.1 (2.0) | 0.08 | 15.5 (1.9) | 16.0 (1.9) | <0.01 | <0.01 |
Social Relationships | 15.3 (2.2) | 15.9 (1.7) | 0.005 | 15.6 (1.8) | 15.3 (1.8) | 0.22 | 0.01 |
Environmental | 12.8 (1.8) | 13.4 (1.6) | 0.001 | 13.7 (1.7) | 13.8 (1.9) | <0.01 | 0.02 |
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Spreckley, M.; Macleod, D.; González Trampe, B.; Smith, A.; Kuper, H. Impact of Hearing Aids on Poverty, Quality of Life and Mental Health in Guatemala: Results of a before and after Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3470. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103470
Spreckley M, Macleod D, González Trampe B, Smith A, Kuper H. Impact of Hearing Aids on Poverty, Quality of Life and Mental Health in Guatemala: Results of a before and after Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(10):3470. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103470
Chicago/Turabian StyleSpreckley, Mark, David Macleod, Brenda González Trampe, Andrew Smith, and Hannah Kuper. 2020. "Impact of Hearing Aids on Poverty, Quality of Life and Mental Health in Guatemala: Results of a before and after Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 10: 3470. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103470