Biogenic Silica and Organic Carbon Records in Zhoushan Coastal Sea over the Past One Hundred Years and Their Environmental Indications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Collection of Samples
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Pbex Test
2.2.2. Biogenic Silicon (BSi) Test
2.2.3. TOC and δ13C Tests
3. Results and Analysis
3.1. Determination of Chronological Framework
3.2. Primary Productivity Records
3.3. Provenance Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Variation of Dominace of Diatom in Phytoplankton
4.2. Provenance Variation of BSi and TOC
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Liu, L.; Zhou, J.; Zheng, B.; Cai, W.; Lin, K.; Tang, J. Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Red Tide Outbreaks in the Yangtze River Estuary and Adjacent Waters, China. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2013, 72, 213–221. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gao, Y.; Deng, C.; Chen, C.; Liang, J.; Sun, L. Changes of sedimentary diatoms and resting spores over a 60 years period in the East China Sea and their environmental indication. Phycologia 2017, 56, 57–58. [Google Scholar]
- Cai, W. Evaluation of the ecological quality of the Yangtze estuary and adjacent waters under eutrophication pressure. Symposia of annual conference of Chinese environmental sciences and technology (vol 3). Chin. Soc. Environ. Sci. 2017, 10, 3722–3731. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, R.; Wang, J.; Li, F.; Yang, S.; Tan, L. Vertical distribution and indications of lipids biomarkers in the sediment core from East China Sea. Cont. Shelf Res. 2016, 122, 43–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, Y. The Influence of Nutrients on the Competition and Succession between Two Predominant Red Tide Algae of East China Sea. Master’s Thesis, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Jiang, Z.; Liu, J.; Chen, J.; Chen, Q.; Yan, X.; Xuan, J.; Zeng, J. Responses of Summer Phytoplankton Community to Drastic Environmental Changes in the Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary during the past 50 Years. Water Res. 2014, 54, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dai, X.; Lu, D.; Guan, W.; Wang, H.; He, P.; Xia, P.; Yang, H. Newly Recorded Karlodinium Veneficum Dinoflagellate Blooms in Stratified Water of the East China Sea. Deep Sea Res. Part II: Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 2014, 101, 237–243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lou, X.; Hu, C. Diurnal Changes of a Harmful Algal Bloom in the East China Sea: Observations from GOCI. Remote Sens. Environ. 2014, 140, 562–572. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, C.; Place, A.R.; Yan, X.; Xu, J.; Luo, Q.; William, E.; Jiang, Y. Interactions between Karlodinium Veneficum and Prorocentrum Donghaiense from the East China Sea. Harmful Algae 2015, 49, 50–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, X. The Effect of Solar Radiation on HAB Algae Growth in High Frequency HAB Occurrence Areas in ECS. Ph.D. Thesis, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, S. Formation of Eucampia zoodiacus red tide in Xiamen Bay and its genetic analysis. In Symposia of Investigation on Red Tide in Xiamen Bay; Ocean Press: Beijing, China, 1993; pp. 19–28. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, X. Historical Comparison on Evolution of Nutrient and Its Function on the Harmful Algae Blooms in Yangtze Estuary and Its Adjacent Sea. Ph.D. Thesis, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Song, H.; Zhang, X.; Wang, B.; Sun, X.; Wang, X.; Xin, M. Bottom up and top down controls of the phytoplankton standing stock off the Changjiang Estuary. Acta Oceanol. Sin. 2014, 36, 90–100. [Google Scholar]
- Jin, H.; Chen, J.; Weng, H. Variations of paleoproductivity in the past decades and the environmental implications in the Changjiang Estuary in China. Acta Oceanol. Sin. 2009, 31, 113–119. [Google Scholar]
- Xu, G.; Liu, J.; Hu, G.; Jonell, T.N.; Chen, L. Distribution and source of organic matter in surface sediment from the muddy deposit along the Zhejiang coast, East China Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2017, 123, 1–2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kang, X.; Song, J.; Yuan, H.; Li, X.; Duan, L. The Sources and Composition of Organic Matter in Sediments of the Jiaozhou Bay: Implications for Environmental Changes on a Centennial Time Scale. Acta Oceanol. Sin. 2017, 36, 68–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jia, G.; Peng, P.; Fu, J. Sedimentary records of accelerated eutrophication for the last 100 yeasr at the Pearl River Estuary. Quat. Sci. 2002, 2, 158–165. [Google Scholar]
- Sun, X.; Fan, D.; Liu, M.; Liao, H.; Tian, Y. Persistent Impact of Human Activities on Trace Metals in the Yangtze River Estuary and the East China Sea: Evidence from Sedimentary Records of the Last 60 Years. Sci. Total. Environ. 2019, 654, 878–889. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Waterson, E.J.; Canuel, E.A. Sources of Sedimentary Organic Matter in the Mississippi River and Adjacent Gulf of Mexico as Revealed by Lipid Biomarker and δ13CTOC Analyses. Org. Geochem. 2008, 39, 422–439. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Astrahan, P.; Silverman, J.; Gertner, Y. Spatial distribution and sources of organic matter and pollutants in the SE Mediterranean (Levantine basin) deep water sediments. Mar. Pollut. 2017, 116, 521–527. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jin, H. Sedimentary Records of Changing Structures of Phytoplankton Communities for the Last Hundred Years in the Changjiang Estuary. Ph.D. Thesis, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Zhao, Z. Biogenic Silica Record in the Yangtze Estuarine Sediments: A Response to the Recent Human Activity and Eco-Modification in Catchment. Ph.D. Thesis, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Fan, X. Sediment Diatom Records and Eutrophication Reconstruction in the Changjiang River and Its Adjacent Area. Ph.D. Thesis, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Ni, T.; Guan, W.; Cao, Z.; Chen, Q. Numerical study on the upwelling of Zhejiang coast in spring. J. Mar. Sci. 2014, 32, 1–13. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, H. Basic Status of Marine Environmental Resources in Zhejiang Province; Ocean Press: Beijing, China, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Xing, L.; Zhao, M.; Zhang, T.; Yu, M.; Duan, S.; Zhang, R.; Huh, C.-A.; Liao, W.-H.; Feng, X. Ecosystem Responses to Anthropogenic and Natural Forcing over the Last 100 Years in the Coastal Areas of the East China Sea. Holocene 2016, 26, 669–677. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- DeMaster, D.J. The Supply and Accumulation of Silica in the Marine Environment. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1981, 45, 1715–1732. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zaborska, A.; Carroll, J.; Papucci, C.; Pempkowiak, J. Intercomparison of Alpha and Gamma Spectrometry Techniques Used in 210Pb Geochronology. J. Environ. Radioact. 2007, 93, 38–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McCall, P.; Robbins, J.; Matisoff, G. 137Cs and 210Pb Transport and Geochronologies in Urbanized Reservoirs with Rapidly Increasing Sedimentation Rates. Chem. Geol. 1984, 44, 33–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, M.; Wang, H.; Li, Y.; Ai, W.; Hou, L.; Chen, Z.; Lijun, H. Sedimentary BSi and TOC Quantifies the Degradation of the Changjiang Estuary, China, from River Basin Alteration and Warming SST. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 2016, 183, 392–401. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fry, B. Food Web Structure on Georges Bank from Stable C, N, and S Isotopic Compositions. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1988, 33, 1182–1190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, S. Effects of Temperature on Growth of Phytoplankton in the Changjiang Estuary and Adjacent Coastal Waters. Ph.D. Thesis, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Han, X. Analytical Study on Multi-Environment Factors that Influencing the Phytoplankton Growth in the Changjiang Estuary and Its Adjacent Area. Ph.D. Thesis, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Zhou, Z.; Yu, R.-C.; Zhou, M.-J. Seasonal Succession of Microalgal Blooms from Diatoms to Dinoflagellates in the East China Sea: A Numerical Simulation Study. Ecol. Model. 2017, 360, 150–162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tang, H. Studies of Eutrophication Features and Eutrophication-HABs Relationship in the Changjiang Estuary and Its Adjacent Area during the Past 30 Years and Strategies on Controlling Eutrophication. Ph.D. Thesis, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Li, M.; Cheng, H. Changes of dissolved silicate flux from the Changjiang River into sea and its influence since late 50 years. China Environ. Sci. 2001, 21, 193–197. [Google Scholar]
- Ye, S.; Ji, H.; Cao, L.; Huang, X. Red tides in the Yangtze River Estuary and adjacent sea areas: Causes and mitigation. Mar Sci. 2004, 28, 26–32. [Google Scholar]
- Zhou, M.; Shen, Z.; Yu, R. Responses of a coastal phytoplankton community to increased nutrient input from the Changjiang (Yangtze) River. Cont. Shelf Res. 2007, 28, 1483–1489. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, D.; Zhao, W.; Li, J.; Wang, J. Effect of Different Phosphrous Concentration on the Growth of Skeletonema costatum. Stud. Mar. Sin. 2004, 46, 165–172. [Google Scholar]
- Chai, C.; Yu, Z.; Shen, Z.; Song, X.; Cao, X.; Yao, Y. Nutrient Characteristics in the Yangtze River Estuary and the Adjacent East China Sea before and after Impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam. Sci. Total. Environ. 2009, 407, 4687–4695. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, H.; Sun, C.; Wu, Y. Analysis of trend of nutrient structure and influencing factors in Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent sea during 23 years. Mar. Environ. Sci. 2011, 30, 551–553. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, K.; Chen, J.; Jin, H.; Li, H.; Gao, S.; Lu, Y.; Xu, X.; Weng, H. Nutrient structure and limitation in Changjiang River Estuary and adjacent East China Sea. Acta Oceanol. Sin. 2013, 35, 128–136. [Google Scholar]
- Huang, J. Distributions and Changes of Nutrient Concentration in the East China Sea in Late 50 Years. Ph.D. Thesis, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Jiang, Z.; Chen, J. Controlling factors of summer phytoplankton community in the Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary and adjacent East China Sea shelf. Cont. Shelf Res. 2015, 101, 71–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, C.; Chen, G.; Wang, Y.; Guo, C.; Zhou, J. Physiological and Molecular Responses of Prorocentrum Donghaiense to Dissolved Inorganic Phosphorus Limitation. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2018, 129, 562–572. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, C.; Wang, X.; Shi, X.; Tang, H.; Han, X.; Xin, Y. Seasonal Variation and Spatial Distribution of Nutrients and Their Relationships with Harmful Algal Blooms in Coastal Area of the East China Sea. Environ. Sci. 2007, 11, 2416–2424. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, J.; Cao, J. Variation and effect of nutrient on phytoplankton community in Changjiang Estuary during last 50 years. Mar. Environ. Sci. 2012, 31, 310–315. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, B. Nutrient distributions and their limitation on phytoplankton in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea. Chin. J. Appl. Ecol. 2003, 14, 1122–1126. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, W.; Cao, X.; Yuan, Y.; Song, X.; Yu, Z. Variation and controlling factor of nutrient distribution in Changjiang River Estuary and adjacent areas in 2012. Oceanol. Limnol. Sin. 2016, 47, 804–812. [Google Scholar]
- Lou, X. Remote Sensing of the Zhejiang Coastal Upwelling and Its Relationship with Red Tides. Ph.D. Thesis, Ocean University of China, Zhejiang, China, 2011. [Google Scholar]
Testing | A7-1 | A10-4 | A11-3 |
---|---|---|---|
210Pbex | 19 samples (at the depth of 1 cm, 7 cm, 13 cm, 19 cm, 27 cm, 33 cm, 41 cm, 47 cm, 55 cm, 61 cm, 69 cm, 77 cm, 81 cm, 89 cm, 97 cm, 111 cm, 125 cm, 139 cm, 153 cm, and 169 cm) | 19 samples (at the depth of 1 cm, 7 cm, 13 cm, 19 cm, 25 cm, 31 cm, 37 cm, 41 cm, 49 cm, 55 cm, 61 cm, 67 cm, 73 cm, 79 cm, 85 cm, 97 cm, 109 cm, 121 cm, 133 cm, and 141 cm) | 7 samples (at the depth of 1 cm, 13 cm, 25 cm, 35 cm, 49 cm, 62 cm, 73 cm, and 85 cm) |
BSi | 85 samples (within the depth range 0~170 cm, at an interval of 2 cm) | 70 samples (within the depth range 0~140 cm, at an interval of 2 cm) | 70 samples (within the depth range 0~140 cm, at an interval of 2 cm) |
TOC | 85 samples (within the depth range 0~170 cm, at an interval of 2 cm) | 70 samples (within the depth range 0~140 cm, at an interval of 2 cm) | 70 samples (within the depth range 0~140 cm, at an interval of 2 cm) |
δ13C | 85 samples (within the depth range 0~170 cm, at an interval of 2 cm) | 70 samples (within the depth range 0~140 cm, at an interval of 2 cm) | 70 samples (within the depth range 0~140 cm, at an interval of 2 cm) |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Xu, H.; Jiang, S.; Li, J.; Pu, R.; Wang, J.; Jin, W.; Sha, L.; Li, D. Biogenic Silica and Organic Carbon Records in Zhoushan Coastal Sea over the Past One Hundred Years and Their Environmental Indications. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3890. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113890
Xu H, Jiang S, Li J, Pu R, Wang J, Jin W, Sha L, Li D. Biogenic Silica and Organic Carbon Records in Zhoushan Coastal Sea over the Past One Hundred Years and Their Environmental Indications. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(11):3890. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113890
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Hao, Shangwei Jiang, Jialin Li, Ruiliang Pu, Jia Wang, Wanghai Jin, Longbin Sha, and Dongling Li. 2020. "Biogenic Silica and Organic Carbon Records in Zhoushan Coastal Sea over the Past One Hundred Years and Their Environmental Indications" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11: 3890. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113890