Ecological Compensation Strategy for SDG-Based Basin-Type National Parks: A Case Study of the Baoxing Giant Panda National Park
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Research Progress
2.1. Experience and Insight into the Ecological Compensation of Typical River Basins and Nature Reserves in China and Other Countries
2.2. Realistic Requirements for Developing Ecological Compensation for Basin-Type National Parks
3. Framework of SDG-Based Ecological Compensation System for Basin-Type National Parks
4. Design of SDG-Based Ecological Compensation Mode for Basin-Type National Parks
4.1. Research Area
4.2. Design of Compensation Mode
4.3. Prediction of the Effect of Ecological Compensation
4.3.1. Selection of the Scenario Prediction Model of Ecological Compensation
4.3.2. Prediction of the Effect of Ecological Compensation
- (a)
- Investment: According to the standards set by the Chinese government, the ecological restoration fund for mines is 0.153 million yuan/ha. The mining sites assigned to the ecological restoration area in the Baoxing County are 263.8 ha. Thus, approximately 40.3614 million yuan needs be invested.
- (b)
- Return: The value of the forest ecosystem service function in the mining ecological restoration area is predicted from four aspects; namely, environment purification, water conservation, nutrient recycling storage, and water and soil conservation, by using the shadow project method [55], the market value method [56], and referring to the relevant prices in “Specification for assessment of forest ecosystem service in China,” which has been published by the State Forestry Administration [57]. The prediction results are presented in Table 2.
- (a)
- Investment: The technical transformation support fund provided by the local government for the expansion of mining and other projects within five years, based on the development plan for major project construction in the Baoxing County, is 3.343 billion yuan.
- (b)
- Return: The Baoxing County started to increase the investment in mining technology transformation projects in 2012. The additional benefits of the mining industry with technology transformation in five years can reach approximately 34.295 billion yuan on the basis of a growth rate of 25%, in accordance with the growth rate of the mining industry in the statistical yearbook of the Baoxing County for the last five years and in consideration of the restrictive effect of the construction of the Giant Panda National Park on industrial development.
- (a)
- Investment: Approximately 50,000 rare fish fries should be placed annually in the Baoxing River, with a cost of approximately 0.15 million yuan in accordance with the actual local experience data [59]. Approximately 0.75 million yuan will be invested in an operation cycle.
- (b)
- Return: The market value of eco-labels in an operation cycle is approximately 6 million yuan, on the basis of the growth rate of local fish and the price of local specialty products.
5. Results and Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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State/Region | Protected Object | Content | Compensation Mode | Compensation Approaches |
---|---|---|---|---|
Several countries | National parks | More than 100 international environmental protection organizations exist worldwide and provide financial support to different national parks in the world [33]. Examples include the World Wide Fund for Nature (Canada), the Canadian Nature Foundation, and the Sierra Club [34]. | Social voluntary donation | Fund compensation |
China | Chishui River Basin | Four wineries have committed to invest 0.5 billion yuan as ecological compensation fund for the prevention of water pollution in the Chishui River Basin for 10 consecutive years since 2014 [35]. | Social voluntary donation | Fund compensation |
Ecuador | Cayambe Coca Watershed | The water resource protection fund, which is managed by a professional organization that is independent of the government, is established to protect the land and ecosystem upstream. | Government compensation, market transaction | Fund, project, and technical compensations |
United States | Delaware River | The New York City government subsidizes environmental protectors in upstream areas to encourage dairy and forest farm owners to adopt environment-friendly production methods. | Public payments led by the government | Fund compensation (mostly from the collection of taxes), the issuance of New York City bonds, and trust funds. |
England | / | The government issues lottery tickets with low-carbon and environmental protection attributes to invest in carbon reduction and emission reduction projects, such as a wind power plant in Turkey, a hydropower station in India, and green energy communities in Brazil and Guatemala [36]. | Public payments led by the government | Fund compensation (mostly from lottery ticket buyers) |
China | Three-river source region | The theme sports lottery is issued, and 35% of the revenues are used as public welfare fund to realize the combination of public welfare sports lottery and ecological environment protection [37]. | Public payments led by the government | Fund compensation (mostly from lottery ticket buyers) |
New Zealand | New Zealand National Park | A franchise operation model is established, and tourism projects, such as hunting, horse riding, kayaking adventure, and helicopter sightseeing, are launched on the premise of obtaining a license [38]. | Public payments led by the government and the market | Fund compensation (mostly from tourists) |
China | Qiandao Lake and seven water sources | The Nongfu Spring Company provides a penny in each bottle of water through brand promotion and a differentiated marketing method to compensate the people in the water source area [39]. | Public payments led by the market | Fund compensation (mostly from the added value of ecological products) |
United States | Yosemite National Park | More than 10,000 volunteers provide construction and maintenance, education, vegetation restoration, wildlife protection, camp maintenance, and other services every year [40]. | Volunteer services led by the government and nonprofit organizations | Service compensation |
China | Taroko National Park, Yangmingshan National Park | Interpreter, conservation, and trail volunteers are recruited to serve the national parks and reduce expenditures [41]. | Volunteer services led by the government | Service compensation |
Ecosystem Service Function | Evaluation Method | Functional Capacity per Unit | Total Functional Capacity | Value per Unit | Total Value (Thousand Yuan/A) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Environment purification | Carbon sequestration | Carbon tax method | 15.75 t/hm2·a | 4154.85 t/a | 1200 yuan/t | 4985.8 |
Oxygen release | Industrial treatment cost method | 11.51 t/hm2·a | 3036.34 t/a | 1000 yuan/t | 3036.3 | |
SO2 absorption | 0.15 t/hm2·a | 40.10 t/a | 1200 yuan/t | 48.1 | ||
Dust retention | 21.15 t/hm2·a | 5579.37 t/a | 150 yuan/t | 836.9 | ||
Water conservation | Shadow project method | 993.70 mm/a | 262,138.06 m3/a | 5.48 yuan/m3 | 1436.5 | |
Nutrient recycling storage | Market value method | 0.10 t/hm2·a | 27.24 t/a | 2500 yuan/t | 69.4 | |
Water and soil conservation | Reduce soil erosion | / | 1592.78 hm2/a | 282.17 yuan/hm2 | 449.4 | |
Reduce sediment deposition | / | 1,911,333.57 m3/a | 5.48 yuan/m3 | 10,474.1 | ||
Summary | / | / | / | / | 21,336.7 |
No. | Scenario | Compensation Approach | Compensation Subjects | Compensated Subjects | Benefit Type | Investment | Return | ROI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 | Ecological restoration of mines | Fund compensation | Local government, enterprises | Environment | Economic benefits | 40.3614 million yuan | 106.6833 million yuan | 2.64 |
3 | Water rights trading | Downstream government | Upstream government | / | 778 million yuan | / | ||
5 | Technical transformation of mining | Technology compensation | Local government | Enterprises | 3.343 billion yuan | 34.295 billion yuan | 10.26 | |
6 | Creating eco-labels | Material compensation | Local government | Residents | 0.75 million yuan | 6 million yuan | 8 | |
8 | Attempting enclave economy | Policy compensation | Downstream and upstream governments | Enterprises | Social benefits | Establishment of industrial parks downstream for off-site development | Achieve a win–win result among residents, enterprises, governments, and the natural ecosystem | / |
9 | Providing policy support for the development of the eco-tourism industry | Local government | Residents | Industrial restructuring | / |
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Xue, C.; Shao, C.; Gao, J. Ecological Compensation Strategy for SDG-Based Basin-Type National Parks: A Case Study of the Baoxing Giant Panda National Park. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3908. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113908
Xue C, Shao C, Gao J. Ecological Compensation Strategy for SDG-Based Basin-Type National Parks: A Case Study of the Baoxing Giant Panda National Park. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(11):3908. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113908
Chicago/Turabian StyleXue, Chenyang, Chaofeng Shao, and Junli Gao. 2020. "Ecological Compensation Strategy for SDG-Based Basin-Type National Parks: A Case Study of the Baoxing Giant Panda National Park" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11: 3908. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113908