How to Estimate Optimal Malaria Readiness Indicators at Health-District Level: Findings from the Burkina Faso Service Availability and Readiness Assessment (SARA) Data
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Setting
2.2. Study Design, Sample, and Sampling Procedure
2.3. Data Collection and Processing
2.4. Current Statistical Analyses Applied to SARA Survey Data in Burkina Faso
2.5. Our Analytical Approach
2.5.1. Hierarchical Bayesian Spatial Modeling (HBSM)
2.5.2. Bayesian Implementation and Goodness of Fit
2.5.3. Composite Readiness Profile Building through Hierarchical Ascendant Classification
3. Results
3.1. Repartition of Sampled Health Facilities
3.2. Availability Scores for Essential Equipment
3.3. Malaria Readiness Scores
3.4. Composite Readiness Profile for Malaria Case Management
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Number of Health Districts | Health Facilities | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Total (N) | Surveyed (n) | % | ||
Total | 70 | 2018 | 753 | 37.3 |
Region | ||||
Boucle du Mouhoun | 6 | 214 | 74 | 34.6 |
Cascades | 3 | 84 | 29 | 34.5 |
Center | 5 | 297 | 140 | 47.1 |
Center-east | 7 | 136 | 51 | 37.5 |
Center-north | 6 | 137 | 49 | 35.8 |
Center-west | 7 | 194 | 68 | 35.1 |
Center-south | 4 | 98 | 34 | 34.7 |
Est | 6 | 135 | 49 | 36.3 |
Haut-Bassins | 8 | 219 | 83 | 37.9 |
North | 6 | 187 | 64 | 34.2 |
Plateau Central | 3 | 127 | 44 | 34.6 |
Sahel | 4 | 90 | 32 | 35.6 |
South-west | 5 | 100 | 36 | 36.0 |
Health-Facility Location | ||||
Rural | 498 | 66.1 | ||
Urban | 255 | 33.9 | ||
Governing Authority | ||||
Public (Government) | 596 | 79.2 | ||
NGO/Association/Private | 116 | 15.4 | ||
Military | 26 | 3.5 | ||
Confessional | 15 | 2.0 |
Readiness Indicator | Whole, N = 70 | Health District Composite Readiness | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Low (n = 7) | Medium (n = 19) | High (n = 44) | ||
Basic Equipment, % (IQR) | ||||
Adult weighing scale | 95.7 (95.4–96.0) | 96.4 (96.4–96.6) | 95.7 (95.6–95.9) | 95.7 (95.3–95.9) |
Infant weighing scale | 81.7 (65.8–87.3) | 65.7 (59.5–66.7) | 56.3 (53.1–62.1) | 85.7 (81.9–90.5) |
Stethoscope | 98.9 (98.7–99.0) | 96.6 (92.7–97.5) | 98.9 (98.8–99.0) | 98.9 (98.8–99.0) |
Thermometer | 99.8 (99.7–99.9) | 99.2 (97.2–99.7) | 99.8 (99.7–99.9) | 99.9 (99.7–99.9) |
Blood pressure apparatus | 97.7 (97.3–98.0) | 97.3 (96.4–97.8) | 97.6 (97.2–97.9) | 97.8 (97.4–98.1) |
Light source | 66.5 (58.7–79.6) | 80.5 (76.3–82.1) | 49.1 (32.4–62.5) | 70.6 (63.4–81.3) |
Latex gloves for physical exam | 92.8 (88.5–96.4) | 91.9 (85.9–93.5) | 87.9 (80.1–92.2) | 96.2 (90.9–97.9) |
Malaria Diagnosis, % (IQR) | ||||
Rapid diagnostic test availability | 86.0 (75.9–89.8) | 62.0 (55.7–65.4) | 88.7 (81.6–90.8) | 79.3 (66.4–87.4) |
By clinical symptoms | 98.9 (98.3–99.3) | 97.9 (95.9–98.9) | 98.8 (98.3–99.1) | 99.1 (98.4–99.4) |
By rapid diagnostic test | 94.6 (94.2–95.0) | 83.3 (68.8–84.4) | 94.6 (94.3–95.0) | 94.9 (94.6–95.1) |
By microscopy | 15.7 (11.9–20.0) | 38.5 (35.0–47.4) | 13.2 (11.8–16.3) | 15.8 (11.7–18.7) |
Antimalaria Drugs, % (IQR) | ||||
First-line antimalarial (ACT) | 96.5 (94.3–98.1) | 51.2 (44.7–62.6) | 96.5 (94.6–98.1) | 97.9 (96.3–98.3) |
Artesunate rectal or injectable forms | 41.2 (28.1–46.5) | 17.1 (12.7–22.6) | 41.1 (28.8–46.6) | 42.4 (36.6–48.4) |
IPTp | 93.3 (91.2–94.9) | 71.0 (58.0–73.6) | 93.2 (91.7–95.3) | 94.6 (92.8–94.9) |
ACT out of stock | 04.6 (04.0–05.3) | 05.9 (05.2–06.7) | 04.6 (04.4–05.2) | 04.4 (03.9–05.2) |
Staff Trained (and guidelines) % (IQR) | ||||
For diagnosis and treatment of malaria | 97.5 (96.1–98.2) | 77.4 (68.0–82.9) | 97.5 (96.6–98.2) | 98.0 (97.2–98.2) |
For IPTp | 87.7 (86.7–88.8) | 54.2 (26.6–57.3) | 87.7 (86.9–88.8) | 88.6 (87.7–89.1) |
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Rouamba, T.; Samadoulougou, S.; Compaoré, C.S.; Tinto, H.; Gaudart, J.; Kirakoya-Samadoulougou, F. How to Estimate Optimal Malaria Readiness Indicators at Health-District Level: Findings from the Burkina Faso Service Availability and Readiness Assessment (SARA) Data. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3923. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113923
Rouamba T, Samadoulougou S, Compaoré CS, Tinto H, Gaudart J, Kirakoya-Samadoulougou F. How to Estimate Optimal Malaria Readiness Indicators at Health-District Level: Findings from the Burkina Faso Service Availability and Readiness Assessment (SARA) Data. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(11):3923. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113923
Chicago/Turabian StyleRouamba, Toussaint, Sekou Samadoulougou, Cheick Saïd Compaoré, Halidou Tinto, Jean Gaudart, and Fati Kirakoya-Samadoulougou. 2020. "How to Estimate Optimal Malaria Readiness Indicators at Health-District Level: Findings from the Burkina Faso Service Availability and Readiness Assessment (SARA) Data" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11: 3923. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113923