Attentiveness and Fidgeting While Using a Stand-Biased Desk in Elementary School Children
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Study Overview
2.2. Direct Observation of Fidgeting & Attentiveness
3. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Sample Demographics
4.2. Fidgeting and Attentive Behaviors at Baseline
4.3. Change in Fidgeting across Time
4.4. Change in Non-Attentive Behavior across Time
4.5. Do Stand-Biased Desks Moderate the Relationship between Fidgeting and Attention?
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Behavior | Characterization of Behavior |
---|---|
Posture and Movement | Standing Sitting Walking normal Walking fast |
Attentiveness | On task Off task |
Fidgeting | No fidgeting Upper body/hands fidgeting Lower body/feet fidgeting Both upper and lower body fidgeting |
Characteristics | Type of Desk | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Traditional (n = 39) | Stand-Biased (n = 58) | ||||
Mean or n | SD or % | Mean or n | SD or % | ||
Age (Year) | 10.2 | 1.4 | 10.3 | 1.4 | 0.715 |
Height (cm) | 149.8 | 44.5 | 143.6 | 11.1 | 0.405 |
Weight (kg) | 38.9 | 10.7 | 35.8 | 9.2 | 0.126 |
BMI Percentile * | 65.3 | 47.6–89.8 | 39.9 | 23.3–70.8 | 0.007 |
Male | 23 | 59.0 | 33 | 56.9 | 0.839 |
Grade | |||||
3rd | 10 | 25.6 | 11 | 19.0 | 0.694 |
4th | 13 | 33.3 | 23 | 39.7 | |
6th | 16 | 41.0 | 24 | 41.4 | |
Sitting at Desk (% of total time observed) | 0.260 | ||||
100% | 18 | 46.15 | 24 | 42.11 | |
81–90% | 16 | 41.03 | 18 | 31.58 | |
<80% | 5 | 12.82 | 15 | 26.32 |
Characteristics | Type of Desk | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Traditional | Stand-Biased | ||||
(n = 39) | (n = 58) | ||||
Mean or n | SD or % | Mean or n | SD or % | ||
Total number of fidgeting episodes * | 9.00 | 5–14 | 11.00 | 6–15 | 0.138 |
Fidgeting (% of total time observed) | 0.170 | ||||
<25% | 17 | 43.59 | 15 | 26.32 | |
25–50% | 15 | 38.46 | 25 | 43.86 | |
>50% | 7 | 17.95 | 17 | 29.82 | |
Total number of non-attentive episodes * | 3.00 | 1–6 | 3.00 | 0–7 | 0.825 |
Non-attentiveness (% of total time observed) | 0.022 | ||||
<0% | 4 | 10.26 | 19 | 33.33 | |
<10% | 13 | 33.33 | 9 | 15.79 | |
10–20% | 11 | 28.21 | 10 | 17.54 | |
>20% | 11 | 28.21 | 19 | 33.33 |
Effects | Estimate | SE | p |
---|---|---|---|
Intercept | −2.0977 | 0.2085 | <0.001 |
Baseline Non-Attentive | 0.1415 | 0.0203 | <0.001 |
Fidgeting (REF: >50% of the time) | 0.034 | ||
25–50% of the time Fidgeting | −0.4895 | 0.1753 | 0.005 |
<25% of the time Fidgeting | −0.5624 | 0.1750 | 0.001 |
Observation Time (REF: Post II) | −0.3031 | 0.1333 | 0.023 |
Stand-biased desk (REF: Traditional Desk) | 0.3608 | 0.1756 | 0.040 |
Baseline Non-Attentive x Stand-biased desk | −0.0633 | 0.0213 | 0.003 |
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Swartz, A.M.; Tokarek, N.R.; Strath, S.J.; Lisdahl, K.M.; Cho, C.C. Attentiveness and Fidgeting While Using a Stand-Biased Desk in Elementary School Children. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3976. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113976
Swartz AM, Tokarek NR, Strath SJ, Lisdahl KM, Cho CC. Attentiveness and Fidgeting While Using a Stand-Biased Desk in Elementary School Children. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(11):3976. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113976
Chicago/Turabian StyleSwartz, Ann M., Nathan R. Tokarek, Scott J. Strath, Krista M. Lisdahl, and Chi C. Cho. 2020. "Attentiveness and Fidgeting While Using a Stand-Biased Desk in Elementary School Children" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11: 3976. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113976