Cognitive and Social Rehabilitation in Schizophrenia—From Neurophysiology to Neuromodulation. Pilot Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- diagnostic CTT test to analyse the frontal dysfunction, the CTT-1 version determined the visual performance and psychomotor speed (alternate joining of coloured numbers in a string from 1–25), the CTT-2 version determined the performance skills and working memory (alternate joining of numbers with a simultaneous selection of a colour sequence in a string from 1 to 25) [26];
- d2 test of attention analysing the speed (amount of material processed in the specific time), quality (work precision and errors made) and persistence indicating features of behaviour during work (irritation, stability of work or lack of it, discouragement, fatigue); the level of concentration was a result of interaction of these behaviours, and a product of the stimulus and control coordination [27];
- PANSS, a scale evaluating psychopathological symptoms of schizophrenia [28];
- Beck Cognitive Insight Scale (BCIS) [29];
- Acceptance of illness scale (AIS) of Felton, Revenson and Hinrichsen [30];
- Self-efficacy scale (GSES) of Schwarzer and Jerusalem [30]; and,
- QEEG-BF in terms of amplitudes and frequency ratios [31].
- reduction in cognitive deficits (CTT-1, CTT-2, and d2 tests, neurotrophic factor, BDNF);
- reduction in positive (P) and negative (N) symptoms (PANSS scale);
- improvement in social adaptation (AIS, GSES, and BCIS scales);
- change in brain activity (QEEG Biofeedback);
- change in levels of the serum neurotrophic factor (BDNF); and,
- change in auditory event-related potentials (ERP).
2.1. Criteria for Patient Inclusion in the Study
2.2. Apparatus
2.3. Statistical Analyses
2.4. Ethical Issues
2.5. Patients Characteristics
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Variable | Examination 1 | Examination 2 | Difference | Significance of Differences | Confidence Level | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | CV% | M | SD | CV% | T | p | −95% | +95% | ||
PANSS-POS | 9.06 | 2.04 | 22.52 | 7.50 | 2.23 | 29.73 | −1.56 | 10.719 | <0.001 | −1.86 | −1.25 |
PANSS-NEG | 13.94 | 3.92 | 28.12 | 11.83 | 4.48 | 37.87 | −2.11 | 8.304 | <0001 | −2.65 | −1.57 |
PANSS-GEN | 24.83 | 3.35 | 13.49 | 22.61 | 3.71 | 16.41 | −2.22 | 10.736 | <0001 | −2.66 | −1.79 |
PANSS-TOT | 47.83 | 8.49 | 17.75 | 41.94 | 9.64 | 22.99 | −5.89 | 11.834 | <0001 | −6.94 | −4.84 |
BDNF | 44.78 | 10.69 | 23.87 | 55.50 | 10.76 | 19.39 | 10.72 | −6.185 | <0001 | 7.06 | 14.38 |
BCISS | 22.72 | 4.80 | 21.13 | 25.72 | 3.14 | 12.21 | 3.00 | −3.170 | 0.006 | −5.00 | −1.00 |
AIS | 22.67 | 8.95 | 39.48 | 26.44 | 6.46 | 24.43 | 3.78 | −2.547 | 0.021 | 0.65 | 6.91 |
GSES | 23.78 | 5.43 | 22.83 | 27.61 | 5.09 | 18.44 | 3.83 | −3.239 | 0.005 | 1.34 | 6.33 |
QEEG C-z theta/beta | 1.92 | 0.57 | 29.69 | 2.29 | 0.88 | 38.43 | 0.37 | −2.632 | 0.018 | 0.07 | 0.67 |
QEEG C-z theta/SMR | 2.07 | 0.64 | 30.92 | 2.37 | 0.80 | 33.76 | 0.30 | −2.358 | 0.031 | 0.03 | 0.57 |
F-z N1 (amplitude) | −3.95 | 2.53 | 64.05 | −5.36 | 1.93 | 36.01 | −1.41 | 2.588 | 0.020 | −2.57 | −0.26 |
C-z P2 (latency) | 208.8 | 14.81 | 7.09 | 196.1 | 18.27 | 9.32 | −12.77 | 2.643 | 0.018 | −23.01 | −2.52 |
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Markiewicz, R.; Dobrowolska, B. Cognitive and Social Rehabilitation in Schizophrenia—From Neurophysiology to Neuromodulation. Pilot Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4034. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114034
Markiewicz R, Dobrowolska B. Cognitive and Social Rehabilitation in Schizophrenia—From Neurophysiology to Neuromodulation. Pilot Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(11):4034. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114034
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarkiewicz, Renata, and Beata Dobrowolska. 2020. "Cognitive and Social Rehabilitation in Schizophrenia—From Neurophysiology to Neuromodulation. Pilot Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11: 4034. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114034