Children’s Abrasions in Recreational Beach Areas and a Review of Possible Wound Infections
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Behavior
1.2. Pathogens
2. Materials and Methods
Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion and Recommendations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Number of Pre-Existing Abrasions Before 1 Hour of Play | Percentage of Children Who Acquired New Abrasions During 1 Hour of Play (%) | Ratio of Children Who Acquired New Abrasions During 1 Hour of Play | Confidence Interval |
---|---|---|---|
0 | 5.8% | 3/52 | 0.012 to 0.162 |
1 | 5.7% | 3/37 | 0.007 to 0.182 |
2 | 5.3% | 1/18 | 0.001 to 0.273 |
3 | 30.0% | 3/10 | 0.067 to 0.653 |
4 | 33.3% | 1/3 | 0.008 to 0.906 |
5 | 0 | 0/2 | N/A a |
6 | 0 | 0/0 | N/A |
7 | 0 | 0/0 | N/A |
8 | 0 | 0/0 | N/A |
9 | 0 | 0/1 | N/A |
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Location | Average Duration of Time Spent at This Location Per Child (Seconds) | No. of Children Who Spent Most of Their Time at This Location |
---|---|---|
Seawater | 1556 | 5 |
Intertidal | 1069 | 2 |
Dune ridge | 741 | 2 |
Berm crest | 303 | 1 |
Sandbar | 15.4 | 0 |
Back beach | 6.4 | 0 |
Dune areas | 2.8 | 0 |
Boardwalk | 0.1 | 0 |
Not in view | 2.9 | 0 |
Body Part where Abrasion Occurred | Total Number of Existing Abrasions | Total Number of New Abrasions | Amount Total Abrasions (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Hand | 5 | 0 | 3.5% |
Elbow | 2 | 0 | 1.4% |
Arm | 23 | 0 | 16.0% |
Knee | 23 | 3 | 16.0% |
Leg | 61 | 2 | 42.4% |
Feet | 8 | 1 | 5.6% |
Front torso | 5 | 2 | 3.5% |
Back | 8 | 0 | 5.6% |
Head | 9 | 2 | 6.3% |
Total | 144 | 10 |
Type of Abrasion | Miami-Dade County | Galveston County | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of Children with Abrasions | Percentage of Children with Abrasions (%) | Confidence Interval | No. of Children with Abrasions | Percentage of Children with Abrasions (%) | Confidence Interval | |
Non-insect only | 20 | 50.0% | 0.34 to 0.66 | 13 | 38.2% | 0.22 to 0.56 |
Insect bites only | 9 | 22.5% | 0.11 to 0.39 | 14 | 41.2% | 0.25 to 0.59 |
Both non-insect and insect bites | 11 | 27.5% | 0.15 to 0.44 | 7 | 20.6% | 0.087 to 0.38 |
Total | 40 | Total | 34 |
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Tomenchok, L.E.; Gidley, M.L.; Mena, K.D.; Ferguson, A.C.; Solo-Gabriele, H.M. Children’s Abrasions in Recreational Beach Areas and a Review of Possible Wound Infections. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4060. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114060
Tomenchok LE, Gidley ML, Mena KD, Ferguson AC, Solo-Gabriele HM. Children’s Abrasions in Recreational Beach Areas and a Review of Possible Wound Infections. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(11):4060. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114060
Chicago/Turabian StyleTomenchok, Lara E., Maribeth L. Gidley, Kristina D. Mena, Alesia C. Ferguson, and Helena M. Solo-Gabriele. 2020. "Children’s Abrasions in Recreational Beach Areas and a Review of Possible Wound Infections" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11: 4060. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114060