Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Patterns among Kenyan and Japanese Children: A Comprehensive Cross-Country Comparison
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measurements
2.2.1. Anthropometry Assessments
2.2.2. Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior with Accelerometers
2.2.3. Domain-Specific Physical Activity
2.2.4. Screen Time
2.2.5. Active School Transport
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Basic Characteristics of the Participants, Objectively Measured Physical Activity, and Sedentary Behavior
3.2. Weekday Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Patterns across a Day among Kenyan and Japanese Boys
3.3. Weekday Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Patterns across a Day among Kenyan and Japanese Girls
3.4. Weekend Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Patterns across a Day among Kenyan and Japanese Boys
3.5. Weekend Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Patterns across a Day among Kenyan and Japanese Girls
3.6. Domain-Specific Physical Activity and Screen Time among Kenyan and Japanese Children
3.7. Proportion of Children Using Active Transport to School among Kenyan and Japanese Children
3.8. Duration of School Transport among Kenyan and Japanese Children
4. Discussion
4.1. Main Findings of the Present Study
4.2. Development, Urbanization, and Physical Activity
4.3. Potential Reason for the Differences in Physical Activity Between Kenya and Japan
4.4. Active School Transport
4.5. Screen Time
4.6. Physical Education Between Kenya and Japan
4.7. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Boys (n = 139) | Girls (n = 159) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kenya (n = 59) | Japan (n = 80) | p | 95% CI | Kenya (n = 63) | Japan (n = 96) | p | 95% CI | |
Basic characteristics | ||||||||
Age (years) | 10.9 ± 0.7 | 10.0 ± 0.8 | <0.001 | 0.5, 1.0 | 11.0 ± 1.0 | 10.0 ± 0.8 | <0.001 | 0.8, 1.3 |
Height (cm) | 142.0 ± 11.4 | 133.8 ± 5.7 | <0.001 | 6.3, 12.1 | 143.2 ± 8.2 | 132.9 ± 6.2 | <0.001 | 8.0, 12.5 |
Weight (kg) | 33.6 ± 6.2 | 31.7 ± 7.4 | 0.123 | −0.5, 4.3 | 35.3 ± 6.3 | 30.0 ± 5.8 | <0.001 | 3.3, 7.2 |
BMI | 16.7 ± 4.7 | 17.6 ± 3.3 | 0.207 | −2.2, 0.5 | 17.2 ± 2.4 | 16.9 ± 2.5 | 0.505 | −0.5, 1.1 |
Accelerometer data | ||||||||
Weekday | ||||||||
SB (min/day) | 518.1 ± 109.0 | 485.1 ± 96.0 | 0.206 | −18.4, 84.3 | 566.0 ± 108.3 | 548.3 ± 85.9 | 0.428 | −26.3, 61.5 |
LPA (min/day) | 246.0 ± 31.5 | 293.9 ± 48.5 | <0.001 | −71.7, −24.0 | 239.1 ± 28.6 | 255.8 ± 38.6 | 0.070 | −34.8, 1.36 |
MPA (min/day) | 64.5 ± 16.7 | 54.5 ± 17.6 | 0.030 | 1.0, 19.2 | 56.9 ± 12.7 | 40.5 ± 12.1 | <0.001 | 10.4, 22.3 |
VPA (min/day) | 27.8 ± 9.1 | 25.5 ± 13.9 | 0.508 | −4.6, 9.1 | 30.4 ± 12.0 | 17.0 ± 8.3 | <0.001 | 8.9, 17.7 |
MVPA (min/day) | 92.3 ± 24.4 | 80.0 ± 29.4 | 0.102 | −2.5, 27.3 | 87.2 ± 21.3 | 57.5 ± 18.7 | <0.001 | 20.4, 39.0 |
Step counts (steps/day) | 14,931 ± 3208 | 13,214 ± 3144 | 0.041 | 72, 3362 | 12,499 ± 2427 | 10,710 ± 2088 | 0.001 | 740, 2834 |
Wear time (min/day) | 856.4 ± 114.8 | 858.9 ± 92.4 | 0.921 | −53.1, 48.0 | 892.3 ± 102.2 | 861.7 ± 93.0 | 0.191 | −15.5, 76.7 |
Weekend | ||||||||
SB (min/day) | 510.5 ± 79.4 | 548.6 ± 148.6 | 0.329 | −115.5, 39.3 | 519.1 ± 147.1 | 517.2 ± 108.1 | 0.950 | −58.1, 61.9 |
LPA (min/day) | 236.2 ± 50.4 | 248.1 ± 63.0 | 0.493 | −46.1, 22.4 | 226.5 ± 57.1 | 229.9 ± 49.5 | 0.796 | −29.6, 22.8 |
MPA (min/day) | 50.4 ± 20.6 | 39.8 ± 22.8 | 0.100 | −2.1, 23.3 | 43.8 ± 16.5 | 27.4 ± 12.5 | <0.001 | 9.5, 23.2 |
VPA (min/day) | 21.7 ± 11.9 | 18.9 ± 20.4 | 0.597 | −7.8, 13.5 | 24.5 ± 11.8 | 12.0 ± 9.3 | <0.001 | 7.4, 17.5 |
MVPA (min/day) | 72.2 ± 31.1 | 58.7 ± 40.8 | 0.228 | −8.6, 35.5 | 68.3 ± 26.3 | 39.5 ± 20.2 | <0.001 | 17.8, 39.9 |
Step counts (steps/day) | 12,131 ± 3633 | 11,261 ± 7665 | 0.662 | −3090, 4831 | 10,158 ± 4017 | 8,721 ± 4289 | 0.192 | −734, 3606 |
Wear time (min/day) | 818.9 ± 89.1 | 855.4 ± 162.8 | 0.394 | −121.5, 48.4 | 813.9 ± 136.2 | 786.6 ± 114.7 | 0.377 | −33.8, 88.5 |
Boys | Girls | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kenya | Japan | p | 95% CI | Kenya | Japan | p | 95% CI | |
Physical Education classes | 2.92 ± 0.86 | 4.21 ± 0.68 | <0.001 | −1.60, −0.98 | 2.97 ± 0.90 | 3.97 ± 0.72 | <0.001 | −1.35, −0.67 |
Recess | 3.44 ± 1.56 | 3.65 ± 1.36 | 0.690 | −0.80, 0.38 | 3.00 ± 1.56 | 2.95 ± 1.31 | 0.910 | −0.55, 0.65 |
Lunch | 3.32 ± 1.48 | 3.30 ± 1.44 | 0.892 | −0.56, 0.60 | 3.11 ± 1.53 | 2.58 ± 1.13 | 0.089 | −0.04, 1.10 |
Right after school | 3.56 ± 1.33 | 3.19 ± 1.42 | 0.250 | −0.17, 0.92 | 3.36 ± 1.31 | 2.52 ± 1.35 | 0.005 | 0.29, 1.37 |
Evening | 3.36 ± 1.26 | 3.33 ± 1.31 | 0.246 | −0.25, 0.77 | 3.25 ± 1.43 | 2.53 ± 1.08 | 0.010 | 0.19, 1.26 |
Weekend | 3.37 ± 1.23 | 2.33 ± 1.13 | 0.793 | −0.43, 0.52 | 3.41 ± 1.29 | 2.63 ± 0.97 | 0.003 | 0.29, 1.26 |
After-school sport club (%) | 54.2 | 75.6 | 0.009 | - | 50.0 | 43.3 | 0.451 | - |
Weekday | ||||||||
Television time (h/day) | 1.82 ± 1.67 | 1.66 ± 1.33 | 0.606 | −0.45, 0.77 | 2.24 ± 1.75 | 1.42 ± 1.15 | 0.012 | 0.19, 1.45 |
Computer game (h/day) | 1.14 ± 1.51 | 1.27 ± 1.29 | 0.646 | −0.70, 0.43 | 1.04 ± 1.19 | 0.53 ± 0.82 | 0.021 | 0.08, 0.95 |
Weekend | ||||||||
Television time (h/day) | 3.81 ± 1.58 | 2.49 ± 1.53 | <0.001 | 0.69, 1.94 | 3.23 ± 1.76 | 2.17 ± 1.34 | 0.002 | 0.40, 1.71 |
Computer game (h/day) | 2.03 ± 1.83 | 1.79 ± 1.49 | 0.471 | −0.43, 0.93 | 1.68 ± 1.82 | 0.84 ± 1.11 | 0.012 | 0.19, 1.41 |
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Kidokoro, T.; Fuku, N.; Yanagiya, T.; Takeshita, T.; Takaragawa, M.; Annear, M.; Xiaojie, T.; Waiganjo, L.B.; Bogonko, L.F.; Isika, J.K.; et al. Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Patterns among Kenyan and Japanese Children: A Comprehensive Cross-Country Comparison. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4254. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124254
Kidokoro T, Fuku N, Yanagiya T, Takeshita T, Takaragawa M, Annear M, Xiaojie T, Waiganjo LB, Bogonko LF, Isika JK, et al. Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Patterns among Kenyan and Japanese Children: A Comprehensive Cross-Country Comparison. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(12):4254. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124254
Chicago/Turabian StyleKidokoro, Tetsuhiro, Noriyuki Fuku, Toshio Yanagiya, Tomonari Takeshita, Mizuki Takaragawa, Michael Annear, Tian Xiaojie, Luka B. Waiganjo, Lamec F. Bogonko, Juliet K. Isika, and et al. 2020. "Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Patterns among Kenyan and Japanese Children: A Comprehensive Cross-Country Comparison" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12: 4254. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124254