Impact of Social Jetlag on Weight Change in Adults: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2017
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Measurement and Classification of Variables
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Study Subjects
3.2. Comparison of Clinical Characteristics and Weight Change Status among Social Jetlag Subgroups
3.3. Relationship between Social Jetlag and Weight Change
3.4. Stratified and Sensitivity Analyses
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No Change | Weight Loss | Weight Gain | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | 2283 (66.8) | 448 (13.1) | 686 (20.1) | |
Age (years) | 48.91 ± 0.412 | 45.14 ± 0.961 | 37.0 ± 0.544 | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.16 ± 0.076 | 23.96 ± 0.197 | 26.19 ± 0.1570 | <0.001 |
≥25 kg/m2 (%) | 35.5 | 40.1 | 60.3 | <0.001 |
Smoking (%) | <0.001 | |||
Never | 25.1 | 25.0 | 32.7 | |
Past | 40.9 | 31.3 | 30.0 | |
Current | 34.0 | 43.8 | 37.3 | |
Alcohol drinking (%) | 0.002 | |||
None | 15.2 | 15.6 | 9.1 | |
≤1/week | 48.5 | 51.8 | 53.6 | |
≥2/week | 36.3 | 32.6 | 37.3 | |
Family income a (%) | 0.330 | |||
<200 | 19.9 | 22.4 | 17.7 | |
200–399 | 27.2 | 27.3 | 30.3 | |
≥400 | 52.8 | 50.4 | 52.0 | |
Occupation (%) | 0.021 | |||
None | 23.1 | 28.6 | 26.8 | |
Nonmanufacturing | 45.2 | 42.5 | 48.1 | |
Manufacturing b | 31.7 | 28.9 | 25.1 | |
Less than high school education (%) | 20.0 | 18.4 | 9.2 | <0.001 |
Residence in urban area (%) | 49.2 | 51.7 | 50.1 | 0.665 |
Regular exercise c (yes, %) | 48.6 | 56.9 | 56.1 | 0.001 |
Total energy intake (kcal) | 2331.41 ± 23.110 | 2320.81 ± 56.357 | 2422.82 ± 50.666 | 0.259 |
Carbohydrate intake (g) | 337.67 ± 3.330 | 324.89 ± 7.402 | 323.27 ± 5.980 | 0.053 |
Fat intake (g) | 54.33 ± 0.982 | 56.60 ± 2.398 | 66.00 ± 2.323 | <0.001 |
Hypertension (%) | 34.2 | 31.7 | 26.7 | 0.004 |
Diabetes (%) | 12.4 | 16.8 | 6.3 | <0.001 |
Sleep duration ≥7 h (%) | 70.5 | 66.7 | 67.3 | 0.209 |
Social jetlag (%) | <0.001 | |||
<1 h | 70.1 | 68.1 | 52.7 | |
1–2 h | 23.9 | 23.6 | 31.5 | |
>2 h | 5.9 | 8.2 | 15.7 |
No Change | Weight Loss | Weight Gain | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | 2969 (60.9) | 568 (11.6) | 1341 (27.5) | |
Age (years) | 50.40 ± 0.447 | 45.65 ± 0.885 | 42.70 ± 0.443 | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.69 ± 0.081 | 23.06 ± 0.187 | 24.68 ± 0.139 | <0.001 |
≥25 kg/m2 (%) | 21.6 | 27.0 | 41.5 | <0.001 |
Smoking (%) | <0.001 | |||
Never | 91.2 | 82.9 | 85.4 | |
Past | 4.7 | 8.7 | 8.2 | |
Current | 4.1 | 8.4 | 6.4 | |
Alcohol drinking (%) | <0.001 | |||
None | 32.0 | 29.6 | 25.8 | |
≤1/week | 57.8 | 56.3 | 57.4 | |
≥2/week | 10.2 | 14.1 | 16.8 | |
Family income a (%) | <0.001 | |||
<200 | 24.4 | 27.3 | 18.3 | |
200–399 | 24.6 | 28.6 | 28.4 | |
≥400 | 51.0 | 44.1 | 53.3 | |
Occupation (%) | <0.001 | |||
None | 49.1 | 48.1 | 45.5 | |
Nonmanufacturing | 36.9 | 37.2 | 45.5 | |
Manufacturing b | 13.9 | 14.7 | 9.0 | |
Less than high school education (%) | 31.0 | 28.8 | 18.8 | <0.001 |
Residence in urban area (%) | 50.5 | 51.8 | 51.3 | 0.879 |
Regular exercise c (yes, %) | 45.6 | 46.6 | 44.5 | 0.745 |
Total energy intake (kcal) | 1653.65 ± 16.115 | 1619.38 ± 34.011 | 1707.32 ± 26.205 | 0.074 |
Carbohydrate intake (g) | 268.47 ± 2.827 | 248.41 ± 5.088 | 262.21 ± 3.853 | 0.003 |
Fat intake (g) | 38.40 ± 0.629 | 40.70 ± 1.459 | 42.38 ± 1.123 | 0.008 |
Hypertension (%) | 24.9 | 24.4 | 17.5 | <0.001 |
Diabetes (%) | 10.2 | 16.7 | 6.6 | <0.001 |
Sleep duration ≥7 h (%) | 67.7 | 72.2 | 68.6 | 0.158 |
Social jetlag (%) | <0.001 | |||
<1 h | 68.1 | 68.0 | 61.3 | |
1–2 h | 27.1 | 25.8 | 30.0 | |
>2 h | 4.8 | 6.2 | 8.7 |
<1 h | 1–2 h | >2 h | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | 2467 (72.2) | 738 (21.6) | 212 (6.2) | |
Age (years) | 49.65 ± 0.445 | 39.30 ± 0.493 | 33.24 ± 0.854 | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.55 ± 0.080 | 24.60 ± 0.145 | 25.21 ± 0.341 | 0.180 |
≥25 kg/m2 (%) | 41.6 | 42.1 | 44.9 | 0.672 |
Smoking (%) | <0.001 | |||
Never | 25.5 | 30.3 | 26.7 | |
Past | 41.4 | 31.1 | 22.1 | |
Current | 33.1 | 38.6 | 51.3 | |
Alcohol drinking (%) | <0.001 | |||
None | 16.4 | 9.4 | 7.0 | |
≤1/week | 47.5 | 54.4 | 57.8 | |
≥2/week | 36.1 | 36.3 | 35.2 | |
Family income a (%) | <0.001 | |||
<200 | 23.1 | 11.6 | 18.1 | |
200–399 | 25.7 | 31.9 | 33.8 | |
≥400 | 51.2 | 56.5 | 48.1 | |
Occupation (%) | <0.001 | |||
None | 28.0 | 17.3 | 21.7 | |
Nonmanufacturing | 42.0 | 54.4 | 45.9 | |
Manufacturing b | 30.0 | 28.3 | 32.4 | |
Less than high school education (%) | 22.2 | 7.0 | 9.6 | <0.001 |
Residence in urban area (%) | 47.9 | 53.3 | 53.0 | 0.087 |
Regular exercise c (yes, %) | 48.3 | 57.5 | 58.1 | <0.001 |
Total energy intake (kcal) | 2304.90 ± 25.441 | 2425.71 ± 35.194 | 2489.39 ± 80.351 | 0.003 |
Carbohydrate intake (g) | 332.43 ± 3.258 | 337.24 ± 5.130 | 319.81 ± 9.144 | 0.241 |
Fat intake (g) | 53.80 ± 1.104 | 62.22 ± 1.466 | 70.52 ± 3.874 | <0.001 |
Hypertension (%) | 36.8 | 24.1 | 19.8 | <0.001 |
Diabetes (%) | 13.9 | 7.5 | 5.4 | <0.001 |
Sleep duration ≥7 h (%) | 66.4 | 75.5 | 72.3 | <0.001 |
Weight change (%) | <0.001 | |||
None | 67.4 | 58.9 | 43.8 | |
Weight loss | 13.5 | 12.0 | 12.5 | |
Weight gain | 19.1 | 29.2 | 43.7 |
<1 h | 1–2 h | >2 h | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | 3425 (70.2) | 1222 (25.1) | 231 (4.7) | |
Age (years) | 51.54 ± 0.408 | 41.73 ± 0.470 | 31.60 ± 0.814 | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.55 ± 0.083 | 22.89 ±0.127 | 22.71 ± 0.294 | <0.001 |
≥25 kg/m2 (%) | 30.0 | 24.4 | 22.6 | 0.001 |
Smoking (%) | <0.001 | |||
Never | 90.1 | 87.1 | 78.3 | |
Past | 5.5 | 6.6 | 11.6 | |
Current | 4.4 | 6.3 | 10.1 | |
Alcohol drinking (%) | <0.001 | |||
None | 34.9 | 22.0 | 10.9 | |
≤1/week | 53.3 | 64.3 | 72.4 | |
≥2/week | 11.7 | 13.7 | 16.6 | |
Family income a (%) | <0.001 | |||
<200 | 27.1 | 14.5 | 16.7 | |
200-399 | 27.0 | 24.2 | 26.3 | |
≥400 | 45.9 | 61.3 | 57.0 | |
Occupation (%) | <0.001 | |||
None | 53.4 | 38.9 | 30.4 | |
Nonmanufacturing | 33.1 | 49.8 | 61.4 | |
Manufacturing b | 13.5 | 11.3 | 8.1 | |
Less than high school education (%) | 35.2 | 13.2 | 3.7 | <0.001 |
Residence in urban area (%) | 48.8 | 55.1 | 54.5 | 0.008 |
Regular exercise c (yes, %) | 42.5 | 49.7 | 57.2 | <0.001 |
Total energy intake (kcal) | 1629.17 ± 15.251 | 1706.07 ± 21.248 | 1869.39 ± 72.885 | <0.001 |
Carbohydrate intake (g) | 265.51 ± 2.490 | 262.55 ± 3.523 | 258.47 ±8.900 | 0.610 |
Fat intake (g) | 37.14 ± 0.598 | 43.22 ± 0.888 | 53.63 ± 3.169 | <0.001 |
Hypertension (%) | 27.6 | 14.4 | 7.3 | <0.001 |
Diabetes (%) | 12.1 | 6.3 | 2.5 | <0.001 |
Sleep duration ≥7 h (%) | 63.8 | 76.9 | 80.1 | <0.001 |
Weight change (%) | <0.001 | |||
None | 60.7 | 57.6 | 46.3 | |
Weight loss | 12.3 | 11.1 | 12.2 | |
Weight gain | 27.0 | 31.4 | 41.5 |
Fully Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
<1 h | 1–2 h | >2 h | ||
Men a | Weight loss | Reference | 0.908 (0.677–1.217) | 0.975 (0.586–1.625) |
Weight gain | Reference | 1.228 (0.963–1.566) | 1.787 (1.192–2.679) c | |
Women b | Weight loss | Reference | 0.783 (0.592–1.036) | 0.778 (0.460–1.317) |
Weight gain | Reference | 0.931 (0.771–1.124) | 1.050 (0.694–1.588) |
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Kim, J.H.; Lyu, Y.S.; Kim, S.Y. Impact of Social Jetlag on Weight Change in Adults: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2017. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4383. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124383
Kim JH, Lyu YS, Kim SY. Impact of Social Jetlag on Weight Change in Adults: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2017. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(12):4383. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124383
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Jin Hwa, Young Sang Lyu, and Sang Yong Kim. 2020. "Impact of Social Jetlag on Weight Change in Adults: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2017" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12: 4383. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124383