Characteristics of Occupational Exposure to Diesel Engine Exhaust for Shipyard Transporter Signal Workers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Subjects and Methods
2.1. Brief Description of Shipyard Transporter Signal Worker
2.2. Exposure Assessment Strategy
2.3. Meteorological Data
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. EC, OC, and TC Exposure Levels
3.2. Meteorological Influences
3.3. Multiple Linear Regression Analysis
3.4. Relationship between EC, OC, and TC
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Loading Capacity, t | Production Year | Transporter Age, Year | Body Weight, t | Body Length, m | Body Width, m | Number Carried | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
May | June | ||||||||
Day1 | Day2 | Day3 | |||||||
1 | 300 | 2003 | 16 | 75 | 21 | 5 | - | 28 | 40 |
2 | 350 | 2002 | 17 | 73.5 | 21 | 6 | - | 18 | 21 |
3 | 350 | 2002 | 17 | 73.5 | 21 | 6 | 17 | 22 | 34 |
4 | 350 | 2016 | 3 | 75 | 21 | 6 | 20 | - | - |
5 | 500 | 2007 | 12 | 80 | 21 | 5 | - | 26 | 26 |
6 | 500 | 2016 | 3 | 80 | 21 | 5 | 27 | - | - |
7 | 600 | 2008 | 11 | 92 | 21 | 7.5 | 19 | - | - |
8 | 600 | 2012 | 7 | 121 | 21 | 7.5 | - | 25 | 22 |
9 | 1000 | 2006 | 13 | 160 | 21 | 10 | 4 | 5 | 8 |
Variables | N | EC, μg/m3 | OC, μg/m3 | TC, μg/m3 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GM (GSD) | Range | p-Value | GM (GSD) | Range | p-Value | GM (GSD) | Range | p-Value | ||
Total | 60 | 4.16 (2.76) | 0.69–47.81 | - | 15.81 (1.73) | 4.66–49.90 | - | 21.09 (1.85) | 7.28–97.71 | - |
Month | ||||||||||
May | 14 | 13.39 (2.90) | 2.15–47.81 | <0.001 | 26.07 (1.59) | 12.95–49.90 | <0.001 | 41.23 (1.91) | 16.95–97.71 | <0.001 |
June | 46 | 2.91 (1.99) | 0.69–11.56 | 13.57 (1.62) | 4.66–35.75 | 17.20 (1.54) | 7.28–37.75 | |||
Department | ||||||||||
Part1 | 44 | 4.36 (3.05) | 0.89–47.81 | 0.559 | 15.07 (1.74) | 6.51–49.90 | 0.268 | 20.52 (1.95) | 7.70–97.71 | 0.564 |
Part2 | 16 | 3.65 (1.99) | 0.69–11.50 | 18.02 (1.70) | 4.66–32.22 | 22.77 (1.55) | 7.28–35.78 | |||
Task | ||||||||||
Signalman | 48 | 4.49 (2.52) | 0.89–45.73 | 0.371 | 15.08 (1.71) | 4.66–49.82 | 0.386 | 20.52 (1.79) | 7.28–95.55 | 0.784 |
Forklift | 7 | 2.50 (3.85) | 0.69–42.04 | 20.17 (1.67) | 12.32–45.93 | 24.03 (1.96) | 13.61–87.98 | |||
Uniloader | 5 | 4.03 (4.04) | 1.59–47.81 | 17.62 (2.08) | 9.27–49.90 | 22.89 (2.47) | 10.86–97.71 | |||
Signal work position | ||||||||||
Front | 31 | 3.84 (2.51) | 0.94–45.73 | 0.115 | 15.19 (1.76) | 4.66–49.82 | 0.898 | 19.97 (1.83) | 7.28–95.55 | 0.667 |
Rear | 17 | 5.97 (2.42) | 0.89–41.83 | 14.88 (1.62) | 6.52–39.53 | 21.57 (1.75) | 7.70–81.36 | |||
Number carried | ||||||||||
<25 | 27 | 4.14 (3.21) | 0.90–45.73 | 0.454 | 14.60 (1.78) | 4.66–49.82 | 0.639 | 19.87 (2.01) | 7.28–95.55 | 0.649 |
≥25 | 21 | 4.99 (1.59) | 2.34–17.47 | 15.72 (1.62) | 6.51–32.22 | 21.39 (1.49) | 9.81–47.35 | |||
Transporter age, year | ||||||||||
<10 | 12 | 7.97 (2.66) | 2.34–41.83 | 0.011 | 16.96 (1.67) | 9.10–39.53 | 0.385 | 25.70 (1.95) | 11.82–81.36 | 0.124 |
≥10 | 36 | 3.71 (2.30) | 0.89–45.73 | 14.50 (1.72) | 4.66–49.82 | 19.04 (1.72) | 7.28–95.55 | |||
Load capacity, t | ||||||||||
<500 | 22 | 4.40 (3.05) | 0.89–41.83 | 0.945 | 17.36 (1.80) | 4.66–39.53 | 0.247 | 23.25 (1.93) | 7.28–81.36 | 0.402 |
<1000 | 18 | 4.72 (1.62) | 2.15–17.47 | 13.35 (1.52) | 6.51–29.88 | 18.36 (1.46) | 9.81–47.35 | |||
≥1000 | 8 | 4.23 (3.29) | 1.50–45.73 | 13.47 (1.77) | 7.19–49.82 | 18.70 (2.05) | 8.90–95.55 |
Independent Factors | Unstandardized Coefficients | Standardized Coefficients | t | p-Value | F | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | Standard Error | Beta | ||||||
(Constant) | −1.571 | 0.599 | −2.623 | 0.013 | 9.070 | <0.001 | ||
Department | Part1 | Reference | 0.219 | 0.308 | 1.994 | 0.055 | ||
Part2 | 0.437 | |||||||
Signal work position | Front | Reference | 0.173 | 0.398 | 3.262 | 0.003 | ||
Rear | 0.564 | |||||||
Number carried | 0.058 | 0.015 | 0.811 | 3.854 | 0.001 | |||
Load capacity, t | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.766 | 3.735 | 0.001 |
Variables | EC ≥ 10 μg/m3 | EC < 10 μg/m3 | Total | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Mean | SD | Range | N | Mean | SD | Range | N | Mean | SD | Range | |
Total | 11 | 1.34 | 0.49 | 0.88–2.36 | 49 | 6.16 | 4.63 | 1.10–25.14 | 60 | 5.27 | 4.59 | 0.88–25.14 |
Measurement date | ||||||||||||
Day 1 | 8 | 1.29 | 0.50 | 0.88–2.36 | 6 | 3.93 | 1.80 | 2.25–6.90 | 14 | 2.42 | 1.79 | 0.88–6.90 |
Day 2 | 1 | 2.03 | - | - | 22 | 6.47 | 5.10 | 1.78–25.14 | 23 | 6.28 | 5.07 | 1.78–25.14 |
Day 3 | 2 | 1.34 | 0.23 | 1.00–1.33 | 21 | 6.47 | 4.66 | 1.10–17.80 | 23 | 6.01 | 4.70 | 1.00–17.80 |
Department | ||||||||||||
Part1 | 9 | 1.26 | 0.48 | 0.88–2.36 | 35 | 5.62 | 3.95 | 1.48–17.80 | 44 | 4.73 | 3.95 | 1.48–17.80 |
Part2 | 2 | 1.68 | 0.50 | 1.33–2.03 | 14 | 7.49 | 5.98 | 1.10–25.14 | 16 | 6.77 | 5.91 | 1.10–25.14 |
Task | ||||||||||||
Signalman | 9 | 1.40 | 0.52 | 0.88–2.36 | 39 | 5.04 | 3.18 | 1.10–14.32 | 48 | 4.36 | 3.21 | 0.88–14.32 |
Forklift | 1 | 1.09 | - | - | 6 | 12.91 | 7.46 | 5.65–25.14 | 7 | 11.22 | 8.14 | 1.09–25.14 |
Uniloader | 1 | 1.04 | - | - | 4 | 6.90 | 3.82 | 3.85–12.48 | 5 | 5.73 | 4.22 | 1.04–12.48 |
Signalman position | ||||||||||||
Front | 4 | 1.22 | 0.35 | 0.88–1.71 | 27 | 5.72 | 3.45 | 1.48–14.32 | 31 | 5.14 | 3.56 | 0.88–14.32 |
Rear | 5 | 1.53 | 0.63 | 0.95–2.36 | 12 | 3.53 | 1.78 | 1.10–7.61 | 17 | 2.94 | 1.78 | 0.95–7.61 |
Number of Transport | ||||||||||||
<25 | 7 | 1.36 | 0.59 | 0.88–2.36 | 20 | 6.05 | 3.65 | 1.78–14.32 | 27 | 4.84 | 3.77 | 0.88–14.32 |
≥25 | 2 | 1.52 | 0.27 | 1.33–1.71 | 19 | 3.98 | 2.22 | 1.10–9.03 | 21 | 3.75 | 2.24 | 1.10–9.03 |
Transporter Age, Year | ||||||||||||
≤10 | 4 | 1.19 | 0.38 | 0.88–1.71 | 8 | 3.05 | 1.11 | 2.16–4.88 | 12 | 2.43 | 1.29 | 0.88–4.88 |
>10 | 5 | 1.56 | 0.60 | 1.00–2.36 | 31 | 5.56 | 3.35 | 1.10–14.32 | 36 | 5.00 | 3.41 | 1.00–14.32 |
Load Capacity, t | ||||||||||||
<500 | 6 | 1.46 | 0.60 | 0.88–2.36 | 16 | 6.96 | 3.56 | 1.10–14.32 | 22 | 5.46 | 3.93 | 0.88–14.32 |
<1000 | 1 | 1.71 | - | - | 17 | 3.18 | 1.43 | 1.48–6.90 | 18 | 3.10 | 1.43 | 1.48–6.90 |
≥1000 | 2 | 1.05 | 0.06 | 1.00–1.09 | 6 | 5.23 | 2.95 | 2.25–10.23 | 8 | 4.18 | 3.16 | 1.00–10.23 |
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Shin, J.; Kim, B.; Kim, H.-R. Characteristics of Occupational Exposure to Diesel Engine Exhaust for Shipyard Transporter Signal Workers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4398. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124398
Shin J, Kim B, Kim H-R. Characteristics of Occupational Exposure to Diesel Engine Exhaust for Shipyard Transporter Signal Workers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(12):4398. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124398
Chicago/Turabian StyleShin, Jungah, Boowook Kim, and Hyoung-Ryoul Kim. 2020. "Characteristics of Occupational Exposure to Diesel Engine Exhaust for Shipyard Transporter Signal Workers" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12: 4398. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124398