Association between Surrounding Greenness and Mortality: An Ecological Study in Taiwan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cause of Death
2.2. Index of Surrounding Greenness
2.3. Information of Covariates
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Seasonal Mean (SD) a |
---|---|
Number of Deaths per 100,000 people | |
All Cause | 96.09 (93.63) |
Cardiovascular | 21.91 (21.76) |
Respiratory | 9.42 (9.87) |
Lung Cancer | 5.89 (6.61) |
Sex Ratio (Male/Female) | 107.74 (8.11) |
Income (thousands of NTD) | 712.79 (166.03) |
Age Structure (%) | |
0–14 | 14.97 (3.07) |
15–64 | 71.86 (2.97) |
>64 | 13.17 (4.21) |
Index of Greenness | |
NDVI | 0.51 (0.17) |
Area of Forest (%) | 30.1 (30.8) |
Area of Park (%) | 1.17 (2.99) |
Air Pollutants (μg/m3) | |
PM2.5 | 27.61 (11.27) |
NOX | 22.72 (8.62) |
Precipitation (mm) | 601.9 (530.78) |
Temperature (°C) | 22.5 (4.08) |
All-Cause d | Cardiovascular d | Respiratory d | Lung Cancer d | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 a | 0.901 ¶ (0.862, 0.941) | 0.892 ‡ (0.817, 0.975) | 0.721 ¶ (0.632, 0.824) | 0.871 (0.735, 1.032) |
Model 2 b | 0.896 ¶ (0.857, 0.936) | 0.887 # (0.812, 0.97) | 0.695 ¶ (0.608, 0.795) | 0.866 (0.731, 1.026) |
Model 3 c | 0.900 ¶ (0.86, 0.94) | 0.892 ‡ (0.816, 0.975) | 0.699 ¶ (0.611, 0.799) | 0.884 (0.746, 1.048) |
All-Cause a | Cardiovascular a | Respiratory a | Lung Cancer a | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex Ratio (Male/female) | ||||
<107.3 | 0.877 ¶ (0.828, 0.928) | 0.893 (0.797, 1.002) | 0.759 # (0.640, 0.901) | 0.843 (0.683, 1.040) |
≥107.3 | 0.929 * (0.865, 0.997) | 0.882 (0.767, 1.014) | 0.683 ¶ (0.557, 0.836) | 0.889 (0.682, 1.158) |
Age 15–64 | ||||
<71.9% | 0.924 ‡ (0.865, 0.987) | 0.874 ‡ (0.767, 0.996) | 0.661 ¶ (0.545, 0.801) | 0.818 (0.638, 1.048) |
≥71.9% | 0.876 ¶ (0.824, 0.931) | 0.892 (0.789, 1.008) | 0.767 # (0.639, 0.921) | 0.831 (0.662, 1.043) |
Annual Household Income, NTD | ||||
<668,701 | 0.954 (0.889, 1.025) | 0.882 (0.766, 1.016) | 0.739 (0.602, 0.908) | 0.757 (0.581, 0.987) |
≥668,701 | 0.871 (0.822, 0.922) | 0.881 (0.785, 0.988) | 0.733 (0.618, 0.871) | 0.899 (0.729, 1.108) |
Area | ||||
Rural | 0.923 (0.867, 0.982) | 0.863 (0.763, 0.976) | 0.733 (0.612, 0.879) | 0.83 (0.651, 1.057) |
Urban | 0.861 (0.806, 0.919) | 0.903 (0.791, 1.030) | 0.72 (0.590, 0.879) | 0.981 (0.771, 1.247) |
Greenness Index | All-Cause a | Cardiovascular a | Respiratory a | Lung Cancer a |
---|---|---|---|---|
NDVI | 0.901 ¶ (0.862, 0.941) | 0.892 ‡ (0.817, 0.975) | 0.721 ¶ (0.632, 0.824) | 0.871 (0.735, 1.032) |
Forest Area (%) | 0.883 ¶ (0.866, 0.900) | 0.898 ¶ (0.880, 0.917) | 0.903 ¶ (0.883, 0.923) | 0.884 ¶ (0.864, 0.904) |
Forest or Park Area (%) | 0.884 ¶ (0.867, 0.901) | 0.898 ¶ (0.88, 0.917) | 0.903 ¶ (0.883, 0.923) | 0.885 ¶ (0.865, 0.905) |
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Lee, H.-Y.; Wu, C.-D.; Chang, Y.-T.; Chern, Y.-R.; Lung, S.-C.C.; Su, H.-J.; Pan, W.-C. Association between Surrounding Greenness and Mortality: An Ecological Study in Taiwan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4525. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124525
Lee H-Y, Wu C-D, Chang Y-T, Chern Y-R, Lung S-CC, Su H-J, Pan W-C. Association between Surrounding Greenness and Mortality: An Ecological Study in Taiwan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(12):4525. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124525
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Hsiao-Yun, Chih-Da Wu, Yi-Tsai Chang, Yinq-Rong Chern, Shih-Chun Candice Lung, Huey-Jen Su, and Wen-Chi Pan. 2020. "Association between Surrounding Greenness and Mortality: An Ecological Study in Taiwan" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12: 4525. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124525