The Mediating Effects of Marital Intimacy and Work Satisfaction in the Relationship between Husbands’ Domestic Labor and Depressive Mood of Married Working Women
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Ethical Considerations
2.3. Key Variables
2.3.1. Husbands’ Domestic Labor
2.3.2. Marital Intimacy
2.3.3. Work Satisfaction
2.3.4. Depressive Mood
2.3.5. Control Variables
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Measurement Model Analysis
3.3. Structural Model Analysis
3.4. Mediating Effects and Hypothesis Testing
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Statistics Korea & Ministry of Gender Equality and Family (MOGEF). 2015 Work·Family Balance Index; Statistics Korea & MOGEF: Seoul, Korea, 2015.
- Ministry of Employment and Labor (MOEL). Analysis Results of Employment Situation of Parents with Children; Ministry of Employment and Labor: Sejong, Korea, 2017.
- Oshio, T.; Nozaki, K.; Kobayashi, M. Division of Household Labor and Marital Satisfaction in China, Japan, and Korea. J. Fam. Econ. Issues 2012, 34, 211–223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Qian, Y.; Sayer, L.C. Division of Labor, Gender Ideology, and Marital Satisfaction in East Asia. J. Marriage Fam. 2015, 78, 383–400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Choi, Y.J.; Choi, M.R.; Choi, S.B. The effect of dual earner couple’s role assignment on work-family conflict, family life satisfaction, and depression. J. Soc. Serv. Res. 2018, 19, 47–93. [Google Scholar]
- Saginak, K.A.; Saginak, M.A. Balancing Work and Family: Equity, Gender, and Marital Satisfaction. Fam. J. 2005, 13, 162–166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beach, S.R.H.; Martin, J.K.; Blum, T.C.; Roman, P.M. Effects of marital and co-worker relationships on negative affect: Testing the central role of marriage. Am. J. Fam. Ther. 1993, 21, 313–323. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kang, H.J.; Yoo, G.S. A Study of Sharing Housework and Child care in Dual-Earner Couples–Focused on Restraining and Driving Factors. Fam. C. 2005, 17, 187–219. [Google Scholar]
- Park, H.J. Influences of Social Welfare Facility Workers’ Work-Family Conflicts on Job Satisfaction: Focusing on Mediation Effects of Family Strengths. Ph.D. Thesis, The Chonnam National University, Seoul, Korea, February 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Choi, S.C.; Woo, J.M.; Park, W.S.; KIM, S.A. Work-Family Conflict and Job Satisfaction of Two-Income Family. Korean J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2009, 21, 10–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Han, H.R.; Lee, J.M. Mediating Effects of Work-Family Balance on the Relationship of Role Recognition in the Family, Marital Intimacy and Job Satisfaction of Married Women: Using Latent Growth Curve Modeling and Autoregressive Cross-Lagged Modeling. Fam. Environ. Res. 2017, 55, 263–274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Statistics Korea & Ministry of Gender Equality and Family (MOGEF). 2018 Women’s Life in Statistics; Statistics Korea & MOGEF: Seoul, Korea, 2018.
- Lee, K.H.; Ok, S.W. Abstracts of the 51th Spring Conference of 1998: Marriage types classified by wives’ perception of marital conflict and intimacy. Fam. Environ. Res. 1998, 36, 247–248. [Google Scholar]
- Nam, Y.J.; Jang, W.N.; Hong, S.H. Married women’s types of longitudinal change in marriage values and marital intimacy and related determinants: Application of dual trajectory modeling approach. Women’s Studies 2019, 100, 5–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moon, S.H. How corporate welfare policy affects work and family-life satisfaction among married working women: The impact of family-friendly policies. Korean J. Fam. Welf. 2013, 18, 119–141. [Google Scholar]
- Radloff, L.S. The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl. Psychol. Meas. 1977, 1, 385–401. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jeon, J.A.; Lee, N.H. Depression, its concurrent chronic illnesses, and related health service use in the Korea Welfare Panel data. Health Welf. Policy Forum 2015, 219, 75–84. [Google Scholar]
- Cho, I.; Ahn, S.; Kim, S.Y.; Park, Y.S.; Kim, H.W.; Lee, S.O.; Lee, S.H.; Chung, C.W. Depression of married and employed women based on social-role theory. J. Korean Acad. Nurs. 2012, 42, 496. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kim, E.J.; Yang, H.J. The effects of spouse’s housework intervention on women’s depression. J. Korea Acad. Industr. Coop. Soc. 2018, 19, 280–289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Seo, J.M.; Lee, H. Factors Influencing the Decrease in Depression among Married Women with Depression: Using the Fifth and Sixth Wave Data of Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women and Families. J. Korean Acad. Psychiatr. Ment. Heal. Nurs. 2018, 27, 321–331. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Anderson, J.C.; Gerbing, D.W. Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychol. Bull. 1988, 103, 411–423. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, J.P. Structural Equation Modeling Concepts and Understanding: Amos 4.0~20.0 Common; Hannarae Academy: Seoul, Korea, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Shin, G.K. Structural Equation Modeling(SEM) with SPSS/Amos23, 2nd ed.; Chungram: Seoul, Korea, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Hair, J.F.; Black, B.; Babin, B.; Anderson, R.E.; Tatham, R.L. Multivariate Data Analysis, 6th ed.; Pearson Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA, 2005; pp. 599–638. [Google Scholar]
- Bae, B.R. Structural Equation Modeling with Amos 24; Chungram: Seoul, Korea, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Kim, Y.; Kim, H.H.; Lim, D.H. Mediation analysis of dietary habits, nutrient intakes, daily life in the relationship between working hours of Korean shift workers and metabolic syndrome: The sixth (2013 ~ 2015) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J. Nutr. Health 2018, 51, 567–579. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bae, B.R. Structural Equation Modeling with Amos 19: Principles and Practice; Chungram: Seoul, Korea, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Statistics Korea. Local Area Labour Force Survey in the Second Half of 2016 (Double-Earner Households and One-Person Households); Statistics Korea: Daejeon, Korea, 2016.
- Statistics Korea. 2017 Analysis of Main Characteristics by Life Cycle: Childbirth, Child Care, Youth, Career Interruption; Statistics Korea: Daejeon, Korea, 2017.
- Greenhaus, J.H.; Beutell, N.J. Sources of Conflict between Work and Family Roles. Acad. Manag. Rev. 1985, 10, 76–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Choung, S.I.; Lee, K.-Y. A Study on the lnteraction between Work-Family of Married Employees. J. Korean Home Manag. Assoc. 2007, 11, 83–107. [Google Scholar]
- Aycan, Z.; Eskin, M. Relative contributions of childcare, spousal support, and organizational support in reducing work–family conflict for men and women: The case of Turkey. Sex. Roles 2005, 53, 453–471. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, H.J. Influence of Employed Mothers’ Work Satisfaction on Family Income and Division of household Labor, Marital Satisfaction and Work-Family Balance. Korean J. 21st Century Soc. Welf. 2010, 7, 77–102. [Google Scholar]
- Lee, S.H.; Yoon, J.Y. The HRD and the cathexis of married women: Structural equation modeling about the effect of wives’ income, satisfaction with marital relationship, and husbands’ housework on the wives’ emotion. Women’s Stud. 2018, 97, 167–191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, S.J. Mediation Effect of Work-Family Enrichment on the Relationship between Spousal Support and Job Satisfaction in Dual Earner Couples: Actor Effect and Partner Effect. Ph.D. Thesis, The Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea, July 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Song, E.E.; Kim, J.Y. The relationship between employment status and depression: Mediating effects through income and psychosocial factors. Health Soc. Welf. Rev. 2012, 32, 228–259. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jeon, H.Y. Parallel Multiple Mediating Effects of Children’s Worries and Their Perceptions of Husband in Relation to Mother’s Stress and Depression of Unmarried Adult Children. Women’s Studies 2019, 103, 91–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, S.A.; Nam, K.A.; Cheong, H.I. Depression in married employed women. J. Korean Acad. Psych. Mental Health Nurs. 2006, 15, 179–186. [Google Scholar]
- Kim, H.D.; Lee, S.W. Dual family working mothers’childcare obligation, the role of husband, and its effects on positive work-family transfer and depression. J. Soc. Sci. 2017, 24, 83–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Staland-Nyman, C.; Alexanderson, K.; Hensing, G. Associations between strain in domestic work and self-rated health: A study of employed women in Sweden. Scand. J. Public Heal. 2008, 36, 21–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Keum, J.; Kim, D. The Casual Relationship among the Father’s Participation in Childcare, Job Satisfaction, Parenting Stress, and Marital Satisfaction of Working Mother. Fam. Environ. Res. 2014, 52, 141–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Characteristics | N (%) |
---|---|
Age (Years) | |
≤39 | 142 (18.0) |
40–49 | 425 (53.7) |
50–59 | 183 (23.1) |
60≤ | 41 (5.2) |
Education | |
≤High school | 417 (52.7) |
Associate degree | 161 (20.4) |
Bachelor’s degree | 192 (24.3) |
Master’s degree & Doctoral degree | 21(2.7) |
Number of Children (≤18 Years) | |
none | 266 (33.6) |
1 | 191 (24.1) |
2 | 281 (35.5) |
3 | 52 (6.6) |
4 | 1 (0.1) |
Wife’s Occupation | |
Professional work | 243 (30.7) |
Clerk | 159 (20.1) |
Service work | 118 (14.9) |
Sales work | 93 (11.8) |
Skilled agricultural, forestry, or fishery work | 1 (0.1) |
Craft or related trade work | 22 (2.8) |
Equipment, machinery operation, or assembly work | 46 (5.8) |
Elementary work | 108 (13.7) |
Wife’s Employment Status | |
Regular | 387 (48.9) |
Irregular | 404 (51.1) |
Wife’s Monthly Income (10,000 Won) | |
>100 | 111 (14.0) |
100–199 | 426 (53.9) |
200–299 | 141 (17.8) |
300–399 | 57 (7.2) |
400–499 | 35 (4.4) |
500 ≤ | 21 (2.7) |
Husband’s Occupation | |
Manager | 52 (6.6) |
Professional work | 93 (11.8) |
Clerk | 201 (25.4) |
Service work | 47 (5.9) |
Sales work | 33 (4.2) |
Skilled agricultural, forestry, or fishery work | 3 (0.4) |
Craft or related trade work | 222 (28.1) |
Equipment, machinery operation, or assembly work | 70 (8.8) |
Elementary work | 67 (8.5) |
Soldier | 3 (0.4) |
Husband’s Monthly Income (10,000 Won) | |
>100 | 7 (0.9) |
100–199 | 92 (11.6) |
200–299 | 210 (26.5) |
300–399 | 248 (31.4) |
400–499 | 103 (13.0) |
500≤ | 131 (16.6) |
Latent Variable | Measured Variable * | M | SD | Skewness | Kurtosis | Cronbach’s α |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Husbands’ domestic labor | H1 | 2.38 | 1.46 | 0.914 | −0.094 | 0.912 |
H2 | 2.70 | 1.44 | 0.506 | −0.606 | ||
H3 | 2.13 | 1.27 | 1.201 | 0.977 | ||
H4 | 2.39 | 1.11 | 0.785 | 0.871 | ||
H5 | 2.87 | 1.38 | 0.410 | −0.448 | ||
Work satisfaction | ws1 | 3.15 | 0.78 | 0.047 | −0.238 | 0.928 |
ws2 | 3.53 | 0.75 | −0.055 | −0.122 | ||
ws3 | 3.58 | 0.67 | −0.208 | 0.032 | ||
ws4 | 3.54 | 0.68 | −0.306 | 0.138 | ||
ws5 | 3.57 | 0.71 | −0.389 | 0.266 | ||
ws6 | 3.28 | 0.78 | −0.136 | 0.013 | ||
ws7 | 3.50 | 0.70 | −0.111 | 0.148 | ||
ws8 | 3.13 | 0.85 | −0.157 | −0.404 | ||
ws9 | 3.25 | 0.74 | −0.112 | 0.197 | ||
ws10 | 3.44 | 0.66 | −0.046 | 0.083 | ||
Depressive mood | dp1 | 0.35 | 0.60 | 1.706 | 2.812 | 0.897 |
dp2 | 0.23 | 0.47 | 2.076 | 4.041 | ||
dp3 | 0.23 | 0.50 | 2.347 | 5.680 | ||
dp4 | 0.32 | 0.58 | 1.976 | 4.186 | ||
dp6 | 0.16 | 0.41 | 2.711 | 7.834 | ||
dp7 | 0.23 | 0.55 | 2.596 | 7.063 | ||
dp9 | 0.21 | 0.49 | 2.605 | 7.747 | ||
dp10 | 0.21 | 0.48 | 2.652 | 8.353 | ||
Marital intimacy | mi1 | 2.90 | 0.63 | −0.238 | 0.271 | 0.799 |
mi2 | 2.80 | 0.61 | −0.488 | 0.752 | ||
mi3 | 2.94 | 0.51 | −0.637 | 2.650 | ||
mi4 | 3.11 | 0.50 | −0.094 | 2.257 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. Husbands’ domestic labor | 1 | |||
2. Work satisfaction | 0.188 *** | 1 | ||
3. Depressive mood | −0.036 | −0.140 *** | 1 | |
4. Marital intimacy | 0.262 *** | 0.278 *** | −0.134 *** | 1 |
Measured Variable | Latent Variable | Β | β | S.E. | C.R. | AVE | CR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H5 | ← | H | 1.000 | 0.766 | 0.517 | 0.842 | ||
H4 | ← | H | 0.906 | 0.864 | 0.036 | 24.933 *** | ||
H3 | ← | H | 1.015 | 0.845 | 0.042 | 24.403 *** | ||
H2 | ← | H | 1.093 | 0.800 | 0.042 | 25.873 *** | ||
H1 | ← | H | 1.094 | 0.792 | 0.048 | 22.693 *** | ||
ws10 | ← | ws | 1.000 | 0.871 | 0.706 | 0.960 | ||
ws9 | ← | ws | 1.005 | 0.786 | 0.032 | 31.401 *** | ||
ws8 | ← | ws | 1.017 | 0.685 | 0.046 | 22.117 *** | ||
ws7 | ← | ws | 0.941 | 0.773 | 0.035 | 26.557 *** | ||
ws6 | ← | ws | 1.063 | 0.782 | 0.039 | 27.058 *** | ||
ws5 | ← | ws | 0.905 | 0.736 | 0.037 | 24.542 *** | ||
ws4 | ← | ws | 0.930 | 0.789 | 0.034 | 27.317 *** | ||
ws3 | ← | ws | 0.924 | 0.792 | 0.034 | 27.588 *** | ||
ws2 | ← | ws | 0.866 | 0.666 | 0.041 | 21.278 *** | ||
ws1 | ← | ws | 0.871 | 0.642 | 0.043 | 20.265 *** | ||
dp10 | ← | dp | 1.000 | 0.737 | 0.800 | 0.969 | ||
dp9 | ← | dp | 1.073 | 0.767 | 0.042 | 25.810 *** | ||
dp7 | ← | dp | 0.927 | 0.599 | 0.058 | 15.945 *** | ||
dp6 | ← | dp | 0.854 | 0.741 | 0.043 | 19.746 *** | ||
dp4 | ← | dp | 1.147 | 0.693 | 0.063 | 18.200 *** | ||
dp3 | ← | dp | 1.138 | 0.796 | 0.054 | 21.033 *** | ||
dp2 | ← | dp | 1.030 | 0.766 | 0.051 | 20.342 *** | ||
dp1 | ← | dp | 1.082 | 0.644 | 0.064 | 16.963 *** | ||
mi4 | ← | mi | 1.000 | 0.652 | 0.767 | 0.929 | ||
mi3 | ← | mi | 1.182 | 0.759 | 0.072 | 16.519 *** | ||
mi2 | ← | mi | 1.212 | 0.650 | 0.082 | 14.846 *** | ||
mi1 | ← | mi | 1.533 | 0.785 | 0.091 | 16.792 *** |
Path | Β | β | S.E. | C.R. | p | 95% C.I | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||||||||
Husbands’ domestic labor→ | Marital intimacy | 0.096 | 0.313 | 0.013 | 7.226 | <0.001 | 0.071 | 0.125 | ||
Husbands’ domestic labor→ | Work satisfaction | 0.060 | 0.110 | 0.022 | 2.735 | 0.006 | 0.014 | 0.107 | ||
Husbands’ domestic labor→ | Depressive mood | 0.016 | 0.047 | 0.014 | 1.117 | 0.264 | −0.018 | 0.054 | ||
Marital intimacy→ | Work satisfaction | 0.492 | 0.278 | 0.078 | 6.323 | <0.001 | 0.326 | 0.696 | ||
Marital intimacy→ | Depressive mood | −0.132 | −0.122 | 0.051 | −2.600 | 0.009 | −0.258 | −0.007 | ||
Work satisfaction→ | Depressive mood | −0.076 | −0.124 | 0.026 | −2.956 | 0.003 | −0.129 | −0.029 | ||
Husbands’ domestic labor→ | Marital intimacy→ | Work satisfaction | 0.492 | - | 0.078 | 6.323 | <0.001 | 0.030 | 0.071 | |
Husbands’ domestic labor→ | Marital intimacy→ | Depressive mood | −0.132 | - | 0.051 | −2.600 | 0.009 | −0.027 | −0.001 | |
Husbands’ domestic labor→ | Work satisfaction→ | Depressive mood | −0.076 | - | 0.026 | −2.956 | 0.003 | −0.011 | −0.001 | |
Husbands’ domestic labor→ | Marital intimacy→ | Work satisfaction→ | Depressive mood | −0.076 | - | 0.026 | −2.956 | 0.003 | −0.007 | −0.001 |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Choi, S.-Y.; Kim, H.-R.; Myong, J.-P. The Mediating Effects of Marital Intimacy and Work Satisfaction in the Relationship between Husbands’ Domestic Labor and Depressive Mood of Married Working Women. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4547. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124547
Choi S-Y, Kim H-R, Myong J-P. The Mediating Effects of Marital Intimacy and Work Satisfaction in the Relationship between Husbands’ Domestic Labor and Depressive Mood of Married Working Women. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(12):4547. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124547
Chicago/Turabian StyleChoi, Su-Yeon, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, and Jun-Pyo Myong. 2020. "The Mediating Effects of Marital Intimacy and Work Satisfaction in the Relationship between Husbands’ Domestic Labor and Depressive Mood of Married Working Women" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12: 4547. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124547