Identification of the Chemical Forms of Heavy Metals in Municipal Sewage Sludge as a Critical Element of Ecological Risk Assessment in Terms of Its Agricultural or Natural Use
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sewage Sludge Sampling
2.3. Methods for Physicochemical Analysis of Sewage Sludge
2.3.1. Sewage Sludge Analysis
2.3.2. Sample Preparation for the Determination of Heavy Metals in Sewage Sludge
2.3.3. Sequential Extraction of Heavy Metals in Sewage Sludge
2.4. Quality Control
2.5. Ecological Risk Assessment
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Total Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Sewage Sludge
3.2. Chemical Forms of Heavy Metals in Sewage Sludge
3.3. Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Sewage Sludge
3.4. Multivariate Statistical Analysis
3.4.1. Relationships between Different Variables
3.4.2. The Source of Heavy Metals Pollution
4. Conclusions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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WWTP | PE * | Average Flow (m3·d−1) | HRT ** (d) | Wastewater Type | Sludge Dewatering Technique | Hygienizing Agent |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WWTP1 | 143,292 | 29,140.80 | 32 | domestic and industrial | belt filter press and decanter centrifuge | burned lime |
WWTP2 | 156,667 | 18,864.17 | 30 | domestic and industrial | decanter centrifuge | burned lime |
WWTP3 | 191,749 | 19,330.0 | 21 | domestic | filter press | burned lime |
WWTP4 | 11,290 | 1446.0 | 20 | domestic and industrial | belt filter press | - |
WWTP5 | 33,176 | 4870.0 | 25 | domestic | belt filter press | - |
Step | Fraction | Extractants | BCR Procedure |
---|---|---|---|
F1 | Acid soluble/exchangeable fraction; bound to carbonates (mobile) | 0.11 M CH3COOH (acetic acid) | Add 20 mL CH3COOH to 0.5 g of sludge sample. Shake for 16 h. |
F2 | Reducible fraction; bound to Mn and Fe oxides (mobile) | 0.1 M NH2OH·HCl (hydroxylamine hydrochloride) | Add 20 mL NH2OH·HCl to residue from F1. Shake for 16 h. |
F3 | Oxidizable fraction; bound to organic matter and sulfides (immobile) | 8.8 M H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) 1 M CH3COONH4 (ammonium acetate) | Add 5 mL H2O2 and incubate at 85 °C for 1 h (repeat twice), and then 25 mL CH3COONH4 to residue from F2. Shake for 16 h. |
F4 | Residual fraction (immobile) | HCl/HNO3 (3:1) (aqua regia) | Add 5 mL HNO3 and 15 mL HCl to residue from F3. |
Heavy Metal | This Study (mg·kg−1) | ERM-CC144 (mg·kg−1) | Recovery (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Cd | 12.0 ± 0.1 | 14.5 | 83 |
Cr | 144.1 ± 2.0 | 168.0 | 86 |
Cu | 366.9 ± 3.0 | 348.0 | 103 |
Ni | 77.1 ± 1.2 | 91.0 | 85 |
Pb | 131.5 ± 1.1 | 157.0 | 84 |
Zn | 1032.2 ± 3.0 | 980.0 | 101 |
Hg | 5.7 ± 0.1 | 5.9 | 97 |
Index | Equation | Category | Description and Abbreviations | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Potential Ecological Risk Factor (ER) | —the toxic response factor of metal; Cf—single metal pollution factor | ER ≤ 40 40 < ER ≤ 80 80 < ER ≤ 160 160 < ER ≤ 320 ER > 320 | Low risk (LR) Moderate risk (MR) Considerable risk (CR) High risk (HR) Very high risk (VHR) | [27] |
Risk Index (RI) | ER—Potential Ecological Risk Factor | RI ≤ 150 150 < RI ≤ 300 300 < RI ≤ 600 RI > 600 | Low risk (LR) Moderate risk (MR) Considerable risk (CR) High risk (HR) | [27] |
Risk Assessment Code (RAC) | F1—the percentage share of metal in acid soluble/exchangeable fraction (bound to carbonates) | RAC ≤ 1% 1% < RAC ≤ 10% 10% < RAC ≤ 30% 30% < RAC ≤ 50% RAC > 50% | No risk (NR) Low risk (LR) Medium risk (MR) High risk (HR) Very high risk (VHR) | [28] |
Individual Contamination Factor (ICF) | F1, F2, F3, F4—the content of metal in all chemical fractions | CF ≤ 1 1 < CF ≤ 3 3 < CF ≤ 6 CF > 6 | Low contamination (LC) Moderate contamination (MC) Considerable contamination (CC) Very high contamination (VHC) | [29,30] |
Global Risk Index (GRI) | ICF—Individual Contamination Factor | GRI ≤ 150 150 < GRI ≤ 300 300 < GRI ≤ 600 GRI > 600 | Low risk (LR) Moderate risk (MR) Considerable (CR) High risk (HR) | [30] |
Individual Ecological Risk (IER) | F1, F2, F3, F4—the content of metal in all chemical fractions | IER ≤ 50% 50% < IER ≤ 100% 100% < IER ≤ 250% IER > 250% | Low risk (LR) Moderate risk (MR) High risk (HR) Very high risk (VHR) | [This study] |
Global Ecological Risk (GER) | IER—Individual Ecological Risk | GER ≤ 100% 100% < GER ≤ 250% 250% < GER ≤ 500% GER > 500% | Low risk (LR) Moderate risk (MR) High risk (HR) Very high risk (VHR) | [This study] |
Sampling Point | Parameter | Unit | WWTP1 | WWTP2 | WWTP3 | WWTP4 | WWTP5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S1 | pH | - | 6.3 | 6.7 | 6.0 | 6.8 | 6.4 |
Eh | mV | −336.0 | −114.0 | −333.5 | −294.0 | −278.0 | |
DM | g·kg−1 | 31.7 | 55.2 | 40.2 | 33.8 | 48.5 | |
OM | 24.6 | 41.2 | 29.1 | 24.0 | 34.7 | ||
Cd | mg·kg−1 | 1.9 ± 0.1 | 1.4 ± 0.0 | 3.5 ± 0.1 | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 4.6 ± 0.5 | |
Cr | 58.1 ± 4.4 | 17.8 ± 0.6 | 46.4 ± 8.0 | 66.1 ± 0.6 | 33.6 ± 3.0 | ||
Cu | 145.2 ± 6.4 | 79.7 ± 1.8 | 139.2 ± 6.3 | 174.9 ± 3.3 | 143.5 ± 3.5 | ||
Ni | 64.8 ± 1.3 | 17.0 ± 1.2 | 35.2 ± 6.1 | 17.1 ± 0.1 | 14.6 ± 1.5 | ||
Pb | 39.6 ± 0.4 | 44.1 ± 2.3 | 132.5 ± 8.4 | 56.0 ± 1.5 | 170.9 ± 10.7 | ||
Zn | 1013 ± 14.6 | 774.2 ± 10.3 | 1603.0 ± 133.6 | 2248.0 ± 202.7 | 1379.5 ± 37.6 | ||
Hg | 0.4 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.3 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | ||
S2 | pH | - | 8.9 | 8.2 | 8.1 | 8.4 | 8.1 |
Eh | mV | −349.0 | −295.0 | −278.0 | −304.0 | −235.5 | |
DM | g·kg−1 | 208.4 | 269.9 | 177.2 | 187.4 | 166.4 | |
OM | 130.0 | 148.4 | 106.4 | 110.8 | 102.6 | ||
Cd | mg·kg−1 | 4.1 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.1 | 4.7 ± 0.0 | 4.5 ± 0.2 | 6.9 ± 0.0 | |
Cr | 70.7 ± 3.2 | 37.3 ± 1.8 | 63.6 ± 1.7 | 120.3 ± 3.9 | 49.5 ± 0.5 | ||
Cu | 252.9 ± 32.2 | 136.7 ± 5.4 | 190.6 ± 10.1 | 280.7 ± 12.1 | 204.9 ± 2.8 | ||
Ni | 126.1 ± 4.0 | 25.7 ± 0.6 | 36.3 ± 0.4 | 29.5 ± 0.6 | 23.7 ± 0.3 | ||
Pb | 59.9 ± 2.9 | 58.0 ± 1.2 | 149.7 ± 3.3 | 121.5 ± 4.6 | 209.4 ± 6.3 | ||
Zn | 1660.0 ± 252.5 | 1175.9 ± 189.6 | 2288.2 ± 224.8 | 3448.5 ± 91.7 | 2184.5 ± 68.4 | ||
Hg | 0.4 ± 0.0 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 1.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 |
S1 | Fraction | Cd | Cr | Cu | Ni | Pb | Zn | Hg |
mg·kg−1DM | ||||||||
WWTP1 | F1 | 0.3 ± 0.0 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 9.4 ± 0.3 | 25.6 ± 1.0 | BLOQ | 306.3 ± 10.2 | BLOQ |
F2 | 0.8 ± 0.0 | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 0.7 | 9.0 ± 1.4 | BLOQ | 246.2 ± 29.3 | BLOQ | |
F3 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 51.9 ± 9.6 | 136.7 ± 19.5 | 24.8 ± 3.6 | 41.9 ± 5.3 | 160.4 ± 21.4 | BLOQ | |
F4 | BLOQ | 10.9 ± 1.9 | BLOQ | 3.5 ± 0.6 | 4.2 ± 1.0 | 7.3 ± 1.2 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | |
R; % | 95.0 | 113.4 | 101.9 | 97.2 | 116.5 | 71.1 | 34.8 | |
WWTP2 | F1 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 4.5 ± 0.4 | 4.2 ± 0.7 | 0.1 ± 0.2 | 192.7 ± 17.9 | BLOQ |
F2 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | BLOQ | BLOQ | 2.4 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 0.5 | 271.6 ± 9.0 | BLOQ | |
F3 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 12.7 ± 0.7 | 97.3 ± 2.6 | 8.2 ± 0.4 | 49.6 ± 2.4 | 169.8 ± 12.3 | BLOQ | |
F4 | 0.03 ± 0.0 | 7.4 ± 1.2 | BLOQ | 2.7 ± 0.2 | 7.1 ± 0.8 | 23.9 ± 1.4 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | |
R; % | 107.6 | 118.3 | 127.7 | 103.1 | 129.5 | 85.0 | 56.7 | |
WWTP3 | F1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 5.4 ± 0.4 | 17.2 ± 2.3 | BLOQ | 443.2 ± 26.5 | BLOQ |
F2 | 2.1 ± 0.3 | 0.5 ± 0.5 | 0.9 ± 1.0 | 7.6 ± 3.1 | BLOQ | 594.9 ± 172.2 | BLOQ | |
F3 | 1.7 ± 0.3 | 42.7 ± 6.4 | 152.5 ± 14.9 | 13.2 ± 1.3 | 77.9 ± 25.5 | 408.7 ± 21.4 | BLOQ | |
F4 | BLOQ | 11.8 ± 1.9 | BLOQ | 3.8 ± 0.3 | 52.0 ± 13.5 | 52.4 ± 6.1 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | |
R; % | 110.0 | 120.4 | 113.9 | 118.5 | 98.7 | 93.2 | 50.4 | |
WWTP4 | F1 | BLOQ | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 3.3 ± 0.1 | 4.1 ± 0.1 | BLOQ | 538.5 ± 38.4 | BLOQ |
F2 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | BLOQ | 2.3 ± 0.1 | BLOQ | 998.1 ± 85.8 | BLOQ | |
F3 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 65.7 ± 1.3 | 216.5 ± 5.4 | 6.5 ± 0.4 | 14.3 ± 3.3 | 499.1 ± 25.3 | BLOQ | |
F4 | BLOQ | 16.1 ± 1.1 | BLOQ | 3.8 ± 0.1 | 35.2 ± 4.6 | 16.7 ± 2.9 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | |
R; % | 109.2 | 128.0 | 125.7 | 97.6 | 88.4 | 91.8 | 36.5 | |
WWTP5 | F1 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 8.6 ± 2.2 | 5.2 ± 0.1 | BLOQ | 477.9 ± 15.1 | BLOQ |
F2 | 3.3 ± 0.1 | BLOQ | 4.0 ± 0.3 | 2.6 ± 0.5 | BLOQ | 540.7 ± 19.7 | BLOQ | |
F3 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 23.9 ± 1.2 | 129.1 ± 6.4 | 4.9 ± 0.3 | 38.1 ± 6.3 | 228.1 ± 19.5 | BLOQ | |
F4 | BLOQ | 13.4 ± 0.4 | 7.8 ± 0.7 | 3.8 ± 0.2 | 124.9 ± 6.3 | 85.8 ± 4.5 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | |
R; % | 122.8 | 114.4 | 104.2 | 113.1 | 95.5 | 96.6 | 69.7 | |
S2 | Fraction | Cd | Cr | Cu | Ni | Pb | Zn | Hg |
WWTP1 | F1 | 0.3 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 4.4 ± 0.2 | 41.6 ± 2.4 | BLOQ | 292.8 ± 49.6 | BLOQ |
F2 | 1.8 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.4 | BLOQ | 14.2 ± 1.6 | BLOQ | 496.1 ± 44.1 | BLOQ | |
F3 | 3.0 ± 0.2 | 61.6 ± 4.6 | 264.8 ± 31.6 | 73.1 ± 6.1 | 35.4 ± 3.0 | 549.4 ± 33.3 | BLOQ | |
F4 | BLOQ | 22.8 ± 2.1 | 9.6 ± 2.1 | 7.7 ± 0.8 | 35.9 ± 3.1 | 32.6 ± 2.2 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | |
R; % | 123.9 | 121.6 | 110.2 | 108.3 | 119.2 | 83.1 | 113.1 | |
WWTP2 | F1 | BLOQ | 0.8 ± 0.0 | 2.5 ± 0.3 | 5.8 ± 0.2 | BLOQ | 268.6 ± 11.3 | BLOQ |
F2 | 1.1 ± 0.0 | BLOQ | BLOQ | 3.3 ± 0.2 | BLOQ | 378.8 ± 10.0 | BLOQ | |
F3 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 29.2 ± 0.8 | 165.1 ± 9.6 | 12.9 ± 1.4 | 53.7 ± 3.0 | 306.8 ± 15.5 | BLOQ | |
F4 | BLOQ | 18.7 ± 0.9 | 9.2 ± 1.1 | 6.6 ± 0.4 | 31.0 ± 2.2 | 62.7 ± 2.8 | 0.3 ± 0.0 | |
R; % | 131.2 | 130.9 | 129.5 | 111.2 | 146.1 | 87.6 | 100.6 | |
WWTP3 | F1 | BLOQ | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 6.0 ± 0.3 | 13.0 ± 0.2 | BLOQ | 630.1 ± 13.0 | BLOQ |
F2 | 2.6 ± 0.1 | BLOQ | BLOQ | 5.4 ± 0.2 | BLOQ | 823.3 ± 32.8 | BLOQ | |
F3 | 3.3 ± 0.1 | 59.6 ± 1.0 | 229.0 ± 0.6 | 15.1 ± 0.4 | 48.9 ± 0.7 | 875.9 ± 36.0 | BLOQ | |
F4 | BLOQ | 27.0 ± 0.7 | 12.0 ± 0.7 | 7.0 ± 0.1 | 130.3 ± 3.4 | 101.9 ± 5.7 | 0.2 ± 0.2 | |
R; % | 125.4 | 137.8 | 129.8 | 111.5 | 119.8 | 106.7 | 90.7 | |
WWTP4 | F1 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 8.8 ± 1.2 | 8.2 ± 0.2 | BLOQ | 1258.7 ± 58.2 | BLOQ |
F2 | 1.8 ± 0.0 | BLOQ | BLOQ | 1.5 ± 0.1 | BLOQ | 880.5 ± 37.4 | BLOQ | |
F3 | 3.5 ± 0.2 | 105.2 ± 5.0 | 304.5 ± 12.8 | 13.9 ± 0.4 | 46.8 ± 2.2 | 1502.8 ± 31.1 | BLOQ | |
F4 | BLOQ | 55.6 ± 1.5 | 24.4 ± 2.6 | 9.3 ± 0.3 | 102.0 ± 3.2 | 70.9 ± 4.9 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | |
R; % | 138.4 | 134.5 | 120.3 | 111.2 | 122.5 | 107.7 | 31.2 | |
WWTP5 | F1 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.0 | 7.6 ± 0.7 | 8.5 ± 0.1 | BLOQ | 629.9 ± 15.5 | BLOQ |
F2 | 3.9 ± 0.4 | BLOQ | BLOQ | 2.4 ± 0.1 | BLOQ | 725.8 ± 14.0 | BLOQ | |
F3 | 3.9 ± 0.1 | 37.0 ± 1.1 | 208.6 ± 4.9 | 8.1 ± 1.8 | 33.8 ± 3.5 | 735.3 ± 26.0 | BLOQ | |
F4 | BLOQ | 24.3 ± 2.0 | 10.4 ± 0.7 | 6.6 ± 0.5 | 188.3 ± 7.9 | 111.7 ± 4.7 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | |
R; % | 132.5 | 125.7 | 110.6 | 108.3 | 106.1 | 100.9 | 96.7 |
WWTP | Index | Cd | Cr | Cu | Ni | Pb | Zn | Hg |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WWTP1 | ER | 582.0 (VHR) | 1.2 (LR) | 13.2 (LR) | 16.2 (LR) | 13.2 (LR) | 14.5 (LR) | 231.5 (HR) |
RI | 871.7 (HR) | |||||||
RAC; % | 17.7 (MR) | 2.0 (LR) | 6.3 (LR) | 40.6 (HR) | 0.0 (NR) | 42.5 (HR) | 0.0 (NR) | |
ICF | - | - | - | 16.8 (VHC) | - | 97.6 (VHC) | - | |
GRI | 181.5 (MR) | |||||||
IER; % | 173.0 (HR) | 5.2 (LR) | 8.5 (LR) | 121.9 (HR) | 0.0 (LR) | 329.4 (VHR) | 0.0 (LR) | |
GER; % | 637.9 (VHR) | |||||||
WWTP2 | ER | 435.0 (VHR) | 0.4 (LR) | 7.2 (LR) | 4.3 (LR) | 14.7 (LR) | 11.1 (LR) | 103.7 (CR) |
RI | 576.4 (CR) | |||||||
RAC; % | 10.7 (MR) | 4.6 (LR) | 4.4 (LR) | 24.1 (MR) | 0.2 (NR) | 29.3 (MR) | 0.0 (NR) | |
ICF | - | - | - | 5.5 (CC) | - | 26.6 (VHC) | - | |
GRI | 54.1 (LR) | |||||||
IER; % | 127.0 (HR) | 4.8 (LR) | 4.6 (LR) | 61.4 (MR) | 0.5 (LR) | 239.7 (VHR) | 0.0 (LR) | |
GER; % | 438.1 (HR) | |||||||
WWTP3 | ER | 1060.4 (VHR) | 0.9 (LR) | 12.7 (LR) | 8.8 (LR) | 44.2 (MR) | 22.9 (LR) | 103.0 (CR) |
RI | 1252.9 (HR) | |||||||
RAC; % | 2.4 (LR) | 1.7 (LR) | 3.4 (LR) | 41.4 (HR) | 0.0 (NR) | 29.6 (MR) | 0.0 (NR) | |
ICF | - | - | - | 9.9 (VHC) | - | 27.6 (VHC) | - | |
GRI | 77.3 (LR) | |||||||
IER; % | 133.2 (HR) | 2.6 (LR) | 4.1 (LR) | 145.2 (HR) | 0.0 (LR) | 225.2 (HR) | 0.0 (LR) | |
GER; % | 510.4 (VHR) | |||||||
WWTP4 | ER | 692.4 (VHR) | 1.3 (LR) | 15.9 (LR) | 4.3 (LR) | 18.7 (LR) | 32.1 (LR) | 154.1(CR) |
RI | 918.7 (HR) | |||||||
RAC; % | 0.0 (NR) | 1.9 (LR) | 1.5 (LR) | 24.4 (MR) | 0.0 (NR) | 26.2 (MR) | 0.0 (NR) | |
ICF | - | - | - | 3.4 (CC) | - | 121.7 (VHC) | - | |
GRI | 138.4 (LR) | |||||||
IER; % | 133.2 (HR) | 3.4 (LR) | 1.5 (LR) | 61.6 (MR) | 0.0 (LR) | 297.9 (VHR) | 0.0 (LR) | |
GER; % | 497.6 (HR) | |||||||
WWTP5 | ER | 1384.8 (VHR) | 0.7 (LR) | 13.0 (LR) | 3.6 (LR) | 57.0 (MR) | 19.7 (LR) | 103.0 (CR) |
RI | 1581.8 (HR) | |||||||
RAC; % | 16.4 (MR) | 2.6 (LR) | 5.8 (LR) | 31.4 (HR) | 0.0 (NR) | 35.9 (HR) | 0.0 (NR) | |
ICF | - | - | - | 3.3 (CC) | - | 14.5 (VHC) | - | |
GRI | 31.2 (LR) | |||||||
IER; % | 298.4 (VHR) | 2.7 (LR) | 9.2 (LR) | 88.8 (MR) | 0.0 (LR) | 324.6 (VHR) | 0.0 (LR) | |
GER; % | 723.7 (VHR) |
WWTP | Index | Cd | Cr | Cu | Ni | Pb | Zn | Hg |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WWTP1 | ER | 1231.0 (VHR) | 1.4 (LR) | 23.0 (LR) | 31.5 (LR) | 20.0 (LR) | 23.7 (LR) | 238.3 (HR) |
RI | 1568.9 (HR) | |||||||
RAC; % | 6.2 (LR) | 1.5 (LR) | 1.6 (LR) | 30.4 (HR) | 0.0 (NR) | 21.4 (MR) | 0.0 (NR) | |
ICF | - | - | - | 16.7 (VHC) | - | 41.1 (VHC) | - | |
GRI | 124.8 (MR) | |||||||
IER; % | 68.9 (MR) | 1.9 (LR) | 1.6 (LR) | 69.1 (MR) | 0.0 (NR) | 135.6 (HR) | 0.0 (LR) | |
GER; % | 277.1 (HR) | |||||||
WWTP2 | ER | 557.8 (VHR) | 0.7 (LR) | 12.4 (LR) | 6.4 (LR) | 19.3 (LR) | 16.8 (LR) | 149.6 (CR) |
RI | 763.1 (HR) | |||||||
RAC; % | 0.0 (NR) | 1.7 (LR) | 1.4 (LR) | 20.3 (MR) | 0.0 (NR) | 26.4 (MR) | 0.0 (NR) | |
ICF | - | - | - | 3.3 (CC) | - | 15.2 (VHC) | - | |
GRI | 31.9 (LR) | |||||||
IER; % | 80.1 (MR) | 1.7 (LR) | 1.4 (LR) | 46.7 (LR) | 0.0 (LR) | 175.2 (HR) | 0.0 (LR) | |
GER; % | 305.2 (HR) | |||||||
WWTP3 | ER | 1402.2 (VHR) | 1.3 (LR) | 17.3 (LR) | 9.1 (LR) | 49.9 (MR) | 32.7 (LR) | 138.6 (CR) |
RI | 1651.1 (HR) | |||||||
RAC; % | 0.0 (NR) | 1.1 (LR) | 2.4 (LR) | 32.0 (HR) | 0.0 (NR) | 25.9 (MR) | 0.0 (NR) | |
ICF | - | - | - | 4.8 (CC) | - | 22.9 (VHC) | - | |
GRI | 46.7 (LR) | |||||||
IER; % | 77.8 (MR) | 1.2 (LR) | 2.5 (LR) | 83.1 (MR) | 0.0 (LR) | 148.6 (HR) | 0.0 (LR) | |
GER; % | 313.1 (HR) | |||||||
WWTP4 | ER | 1356.7 (VHR) | 2.4 (LR) | 25.5 (LR) | 7.4 (LR) | 40.5 (MR) | 49.3 (MR) | 691.1 (VHR) |
RI | 2172.8 (HR) | |||||||
RAC; % | 15.6 (MR) | 0.7 (NR) | 2.6 (LR) | 24.9 (MR) | 0.0 (NR) | 33.9 (HR) | 0.0 (NR) | |
ICF | - | - | - | 2.5 (MC) | - | 51.4 (VHC) | - | |
GRI | 64.0 (LR) | |||||||
IER; % | 80.8 (MR) | 0.7 (LR) | 2.7 (LR) | 41.7 (LR) | 0.0 (LR) | 135.9 (HR) | 0.0 (LR) | |
GER; % | 261.8 (HR) | |||||||
WWTP5 | ER | 2082.9 (VHR) | 1.0 (LR) | 18.6 (LR) | 5.9 (LR) | 69.8 (MR) | 31.2 (LR) | 124.4 (CR) |
RI | 2333.8 (HR) | |||||||
RAC; % | 14.3 (MR) | 1.5 (LR) | 3.3 (LR) | 33.2 (HR) | 0.0 (NR) | 28.6 (MR) | 0.0 (NR) | |
ICF | - | - | - | 2.9 (MC) | - | 18.7 (VHC) | - | |
GRI | 33.0 (LR) | |||||||
IER; % | 133.2 (HR) | 1.5 (LR) | 3.5 (LR) | 74.5 (MR) | 0.0 (LR) | 160.1 (HR) | 0.0 (LR) | |
GER; % | 372.7 (HR) |
S1 | Cd | Cr | Cu | Ni | Pb | Zn | Hg | pH | Eh | DM | OM |
Cd | 1.00 | ||||||||||
Cr | −0.04 | 1.00 | |||||||||
Cu | 0.36 | 0.89 * | 1.00 | ||||||||
Ni | −0.26 | 0.44 | 0.16 | 1.00 | |||||||
Pb | 0.98 * | −0.20 | 0.19 | −0.34 | 1.00 | ||||||
Zn | 0.29 | 0.68 * | 0.82 * | −0.29 | 0.20 | 1.00 | |||||
Hg | −0.39 | 0.65* | 0.39 | 0.78 * | −0.55 | −0.03 | 1.00 | ||||
pH | −0.50 | −0.14 | −0.20 | −0.46 | −0.50 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 1.00 | |||
Eh | −0.42 | −0.78 * | −0.83 * | −0.54 | −0.29 | −0.50 | −0.42 | 0.65 * | 1.00 | ||
DM | 0.10 | −0.94 * | −0.79 * | −0.61 | 0.26 | −0.49 | −0.74 * | 0.30 | 0.80 * | 1.00 | |
OM | 0.00 | −0.95 * | −0.86 * | −0.51 | 0.17 | −0.60 | −0.66 * | 0.30 | 0.83 * | 0.99 * | 1.00 |
S2 | Cd | Cr | Cu | Ni | Pb | Zn | Hg | pH | Eh | DM | OM |
Cd | 1.00 | ||||||||||
Cr | 0.16 | 1.00 | |||||||||
Cu | 0.40 | 0.86 * | 1.00 | ||||||||
Ni | −0.10 | 0.08 | 0.41 | 1.00 | |||||||
Pb | 0.89 * | 0.01 | 0.08 | −0.52 | 1.00 | ||||||
Zn | 0.47 | 0.87 * | 0.73 * | −0.28 | 0.45 | 1.00 | |||||
Hg | −0.02 | 0.94 * | 0.72 * | −0.06 | −0.11 | 0.78 * | 1.00 | ||||
pH | −0.16 | 0.15 | 0.18 | 0.59 | −0.42 | −0.19 | 0.16 | 1.00 | |||
Eh | 0.54 | −0.34 | −0.38 | −0.76 * | 0.82 * | 0.14 | −0.33 | −0.50 | 1.00 | ||
DM | −0.84 * | −0.36 | −0.52 | 0.05 | −0.75 * | −0.64 * | −0.12 | 0.13 | −0.45 | 1.00 | |
OM | −0.80 * | −0.34 | −0.41 | 0.24 | −0.80 * | −0.68 * | −0.13 | 0.21 | −0.57 | 0.98 * | 1.00 |
S1 | S2 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ER_Cd | RAC_Cd | IER_Cd | ER_Cd | RAC_Cd | IER_Cd | ||
ER_Cd | 1.00 | ER_Cd | 1.00 | ||||
RAC_Cd | 0.07 | 1.00 | RAC_Cd | 0.64 * | 1.00 | ||
IER_Cd | 0.74 * | 0.56 | 1.00 | IER_Cd | 0.69 * | 0.98 * | 1.00 |
ER_Cr | RAC_Cr | IER_Cr | ER_Cr | RAC_Cr | IER_Cr | ||
ER_Cr | 1.00 | ER_Cr | 1.00 | ||||
RAC_Cr | 0.03 | 1.00 | RAC_Cr | −0.88 * | 1.00 | ||
IER_Cr | −0.32 | 0.09 | 1.00 | IER_Cr | −0.60 | 0.88 * | 1.00 |
ER_Cu | RAC_Cu | IER_Cu | ER_Cu | RAC_Cu | IER_Cu | ||
ER_Cu | 1.00 | ER_Cu | 1.00 | ||||
RAC_Cu | −0.33 | 1.00 | RAC_Cu | 0.22 | 1.00 | ||
IER_Cu | −0.39 | −0.32 | 1.00 | IER_Cu | 0.22 | 0.99 * | 1.00 |
ER_Ni | RAC_Ni | IER_Ni | ER_Ni | RAC_Ni | IER_Ni | ||
ER_Ni | 1.00 | ER_Ni | 1.00 | ||||
RAC_Ni | 0.76 * | 1.00 | RAC_Ni | 0.21 | 1.00 | ||
IER_Ni | 0.69 * | 0.93 * | 1.00 | IER_Ni | 0.22 | 0.89 * | 1.00 |
ER_Zn | RAC_Zn | IER_Zn | ER_Zn | RAC_Zn | IER_Zn | ||
ER_Zn | 1.00 | ER_Zn | 1.00 | ||||
RAC_Zn | −0.49 | 1.00 | RAC_Zn | 0.78 * | 1.00 | ||
IER_Zn | 0.05 | 0.59 | 1.00 | IER_Zn | −0.46 | 0.09 | 1.00 |
Variables | PC1 | PC2 | PC3 |
---|---|---|---|
Cd | 0.17 | −0.97 | −0.13 |
Cr | 0.88 | 0.12 | 0.45 |
Cu | 0.93 | −0.24 | 0.24 |
Ni | −0.03 | 0.11 | 0.96 |
Pb | 0.02 | −0.97 | −0.24 |
Zn | 0.94 | −0.10 | −0.29 |
Hg | 0.29 | 0.36 | 0.84 |
Eigen value | 3.01 | 2.73 | 1.06 |
Variability (%) | 43.06 | 39.00 | 15.11 |
Cumulative (%) | 43.06 | 82.05 | 97.16 |
Variables | PC1 | PC2 | PC3 |
---|---|---|---|
Cd | 0.13 | 0.98 | 0.08 |
Cr | 0.99 | 0.03 | 0.09 |
Cu | 0.83 | 0.27 | 0.48 |
Ni | −0.01 | −0.18 | 0.98 |
Pb | 0.01 | 0.93 | −0.36 |
Zn | 0.88 | 0.39 | −0.21 |
Hg | 0.97 | −0.16 | −0.08 |
Eigen value | 3.62 | 2.14 | 1.14 |
Variability (%) | 51.74 | 30.64 | 16.26 |
Cumulative (%) | 51.74 | 82.38 | 98.64 |
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Tytła, M. Identification of the Chemical Forms of Heavy Metals in Municipal Sewage Sludge as a Critical Element of Ecological Risk Assessment in Terms of Its Agricultural or Natural Use. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4640. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134640
Tytła M. Identification of the Chemical Forms of Heavy Metals in Municipal Sewage Sludge as a Critical Element of Ecological Risk Assessment in Terms of Its Agricultural or Natural Use. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(13):4640. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134640
Chicago/Turabian StyleTytła, Malwina. 2020. "Identification of the Chemical Forms of Heavy Metals in Municipal Sewage Sludge as a Critical Element of Ecological Risk Assessment in Terms of Its Agricultural or Natural Use" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 13: 4640. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134640