The Association between Perceived Social Hardship and Future Orientation among Hong Kong Young People: The Mediation Role of Belief in a Just World
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Social Hardship and Future Orientation
1.2. The Mediation of Belief in a Just World
1.3. The Current Study
2. Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedure
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Perceived Social Hardship
2.2.2. Belief in a Just World
2.2.3. Future Orientation
2.2.4. Demographic Variables
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics and Bivariate Correlations
3.2. The Relationship Between PSH and FO and the Mediation of Belief in a Just World
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Min | Max | M | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.00 | 5.00 | 4.21 | 0.89 | - | ||||||
| 1.00 | 5.00 | 4.00 | 0.80 | 0.48 ** | - | |||||
| 1.00 | 5.00 | 4.33 | 0.73 | 0.61 ** | 0.56 ** | - | ||||
| 1.00 | 6.00 | 3.26 | 0.98 | −0.16 ** | −0.10 * | −0.09 * | - | |||
| 1.00 | 5.00 | 3.12 | 0.67 | −0.21 ** | −0.10 * | −0.09 * | 0.26 ** | - | ||
| 1.00 | 6.00 | 3.10 | 0.94 | −0.43 ** | −0.26 ** | −0.29 ** | 0.29 ** | 0.61 ** | - | |
| 1.00 | 6.00 | 3.97 | 0.97 | −0.12 ** | −0.03 | −0.01 | 0.25 ** | 0.62 ** | 0.47 ** | - |
B | SE | p | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|
PSH as outcome (R2 = 1.4%) | ||||
Age | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.898 | [−0.02, 0.02] |
Sex | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.432 | [−0.07, 0.12] |
Family SES | −0.08 | 0.04 | 0.039 | [−0.15, −0.01] |
BJW as outcome (R2 = 8.4%) | ||||
Age | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.195 | [−0.01, 0.05] |
Sex | −0.02 | 0.11 | 0.846 | [−0.09, 0.27] |
Family SES | −0.23 | 0.07 | 0.001 | [−0.36, −0.09] |
PSH | −0.29 | 0.08 | <0.001 | [−0.43, −0.14] |
Future expectation as outcome (R2 = 12.6%) | ||||
Age | 0.04 | 0.01 | <0.001 | [0.02, 0.06] |
Sex | −0.02 | 0.04 | 0.597 | [−0.14, 0.03] |
Family SES | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.318 | [−0.03, 0.10] |
PSH | −0.17 | 0.06 | 0.006 | [−0.29, −0.05] |
BJW | 0.13 | 0.03 | <0.001 | [0.07, 0.20] |
Feelings towards the future as outcome (R2 = 23.3%) | ||||
Age | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.049 | [0.00, 0.06] |
Sex | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.109 | [−0.07, 0.17] |
Family SES | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.548 | [−0.07, 0.14] |
PSH | −0.60 | 0.07 | <0.001 | [−0.74, −0.47] |
BJW | 0.13 | 0.05 | 0.004 | [0.04, 0.22] |
Future planning as outcome (R2 = 8.3%) | ||||
Age | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.003 | [0.01, 0.07] |
Sex | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.795 | [−0.27, 0.09] |
Family SES | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.066 | [−0.00, 0.21] |
PSH | −0.06 | 0.08 | 0.501 | [−0.22, 0.11] |
BJW | 0.21 | 0.05 | <0.001 | [0.12, 0.30] |
Indirect Paths | B | SE | p | 95% CI | β |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PSH → BJW → Future expectation | −0.04 | 0.01 | 0.005 | [−0.07, −0.02] | −0.04 |
PSH → BJW → Feelings towards the future | −0.04 | 0.02 | 0.023 | [−0.08, −0.01] | −0.03 |
PSH → BJW → Future planning | −0.06 | 0.02 | 0.005 | [−0.11, −0.03] | −0.04 |
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Li, J.-B. The Association between Perceived Social Hardship and Future Orientation among Hong Kong Young People: The Mediation Role of Belief in a Just World. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4957. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17144957
Li J-B. The Association between Perceived Social Hardship and Future Orientation among Hong Kong Young People: The Mediation Role of Belief in a Just World. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(14):4957. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17144957
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Jian-Bin. 2020. "The Association between Perceived Social Hardship and Future Orientation among Hong Kong Young People: The Mediation Role of Belief in a Just World" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14: 4957. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17144957