Feasibility and Reliability of a Questionnaire to Assess the Mode, Frequency, Distance and Time of Commuting to and from School: The PACO Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Design and Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Instruments
2.3.1. Feasibility Sheet
2.3.2. The New Version of Mode and Frequency of Commuting To and From School Questionnaire
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Feasibility
3.2. Reliability
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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n | M ± SD/% | |
---|---|---|
All | ||
Sex (male/female) | 986 | 48.5/51.5 |
Age (year) | 997 | 11.59 ± 2.98 |
Mother income (<1000 €/≥1000 €) | 236/185 | 56.1/43.9 |
Father income (<1000 €/≥1000 €) | 121/288 | 29.6/70.4 |
Children | ||
Sex (male/female) | 311/324 | 48/52 |
Age (year) | 635 | 9.77 ± 1.86 |
Mother income (<1000 €/≥1000 €) | 218/171 | 56/44 |
Father income (<1000 €/≥ 1000 €) | 108/267 | 28.8/71.2 |
Adolescents | ||
Sex (male/female) | 176/184 | 49/51 |
Age (year) | 362 | 14.80 ± 1.48 |
Mother income (<1000 €/≥1000 €) | 18/14 | 56.3/43.8 |
Father income (<1000 €/≥1000 €) | 13/21 | 38.2/61.8 |
n | MD | SD | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Children | 101 | 15.02 | 3.62 | 0.00 * |
Boys | 48 | 16.23 | 4.41 | 0.22 * |
Girls | 53 | 14.15 | 2.85 | 0.13 * |
Adolescents | 184 | 8.89 | 2.26 | 0.00 * |
Boys | 90 | 9.56 | 2.12 | 0.64 * |
Girls | 94 | 8.23 | 1.96 | 0.73 * |
Age Groups | ||||
10–11 | 85 | 15.13 | 3.71 | 0.04 * |
Boys | 40 | 15.84 | 3.68 | 0.65 * |
Girls | 45 | 14.19 | 3.59 | 0.59 * |
12–13 | 99 | 10.65 | 1.99 | 0.04 * |
Boys | 47 | 10.70 | 2.02 | 0.15 * |
Girls | 52 | 10.55 | 1.91 | 0.10 * |
14–15 | 58 | 9.78 | 2.21 | 0.04 * |
Boys | 28 | 9.53 | 2.25 | 0.21 * |
Girls | 30 | 10.25 | 2.17 | 0.28 * |
16–17 | 43 | 7.14 | 2.08 | 0.04 * |
Boys | 20 | 7.46 | 1.84 | 0.33 * |
Girls | 23 | 6.87 | 1.80 | 0.21 |
Children | Adolescents | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
n | Kappa | n | Kappa | |
Usual mode to school | 495 | 0.88 | 303 | 0.91 |
Usual mode from school | 498 | 0.83 | 303 | 0.94 |
Weekly mode to school | ||||
Walk | 635 | 0.60 | 362 | 0.63 |
Bike | 635 | 0.20 | 362 | 0.62 |
Car | 635 | 0.56 | 362 | 0.62 |
Motorbike | 635 | 0.33 | 362 | 0.66 |
School bus | 503 | 0.81 | 307 | 0.91 |
Public bus | 635 | 0.45 | 362 | 0.69 |
Weekly mode from school | ||||
Walk | 635 | 0.56 | 362 | 0.67 |
Bike | 635 | 0.19 | 362 | 0.51 |
Car | 635 | 0.57 | 362 | 0.67 |
Motorbike | 635 | 0.46 | 362 | 0.42 |
School bus | 490 | 0.76 | 306 | 0.80 |
Public bus | 635 | 0.53 | 362 | 0.76 |
Distance to school ‡ | 504 | 0.75 | 321 | 0.90 |
Time to school ‡ | 521 | 0.58 | 323 | 0.79 |
Total | 0.48 | 0.60 |
6–7 y n = 104 | 8–9 y n = 138 | 10–11 y n = 255 | 12–13 y n = 234 | 14–15 y n = 140 | 16–17 y n = 112 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kappa | Kappa | Kappa | Kappa | Kappa | Kappa | |
Usual mode to school | 0.85 | 0.87 | 0.93 | 0.98 | 0.87 | 0.84 |
Usual mode from school | 0.84 | 0.81 | 0.91 | 0.94 | 0.91 | 0.93 |
Weekly mode to school | ||||||
Walk | 0.50 | 0.58 | 0.61 | 0.67 | 0.57 | 0.63 |
Bike | 0.31 | 0.18 | 0.29 | 0.25 | 0.58 | 0.71 |
Car | 0.54 | 0.39 | 0.65 | 0.65 | 0.53 | 0.56 |
Motorbike | 0.33 | 0.20 | 0.45 | 0.42 | 0.07 | 0.79 |
School bus | 0.64 | 0.85 | 0.93 | 0.87 | 0.82 | 1 |
Public bus | 0.17 | 0.26 | 0.38 | 0.79 | 0.67 | 0.67 |
Weekly mode from school | ||||||
Walk | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.60 | 0.71 | 0.63 | 0.60 |
Bike | 0.39 | 0.20 | 0.07 | 0.15 | 0.52 | 0.71 |
Car | 0.43 | 0.45 | 0.62 | 0.69 | 0.67 | 0.59 |
Motorbike | 0.39 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.19 | 0.32 | 0.56 |
School bus | 0.80 | 0.69 | 0.82 | 0.72 | 0.84 | 0.74 |
Public bus | 0.22 | 0.40 | 0.59 | 0.76 | 0.79 | 0.70 |
Distance to school ‡ | 0.55 | 0.75 | 0.81 | 0.80 | 0.89 | 0.93 |
Time to school ‡ | 0.30 | 0.48 | 0.68 | 0.76 | 0.79 | 0.86 |
Total | 0.38 | 0.40 | 0.54 | 0.61 | 0.55 | 0.59 |
Children | Adolescents | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | |||
n | Kappa | Kappa | n | Kappa | Kappa | |
Usual mode to school | 233/258 | 0.93 | 0.92 | 140/159 | 0.90 | 0.89 |
Usual mode from school | 234/260 | 0.87 | 0.89 | 142/157 | 0.92 | 0.96 |
Weekly mode to school | ||||||
Walk | 257/274 | 0.54 | 0.64 | 221/234 | 0.64 | 0.64 |
Bike | 257/274 | 0.19 | 0.30 | 221/234 | 0.56 | 0.45 |
Car | 257/274 | 0.53 | 0.59 | 221/234 | 0.63 | 0.59 |
Motorbike | 257/274 | 0.19 | 0.52 | 221/234 | 0.49 | 0.62 |
School bus | 203/217 | 0.73 | 0.85 | 189/199 | 0.81 | 0.92 |
Public bus | 257/274 | 0.28 | 0.43 | 221/234 | 0.72 | 0.67 |
Weekly mode from school | ||||||
Walk | 257/274 | 0.44 | 0.51 | 221/234 | 0.68 | 0.64 |
Bike | 257/274 | 0.06 | 0.26 | 221/234 | 0.53 | 0.37 |
Car | 257/274 | 0.57 | 0.53 | 221/234 | 0.73 | 0.61 |
Motorbike | 257/274 | 0.43 | 0.50 | 221/234 | 0.49 | 0.35 |
School bus | 194/213 | 0.73 | 0.79 | 187/200 | 0.82 | 0.73 |
Public bus | 257/274 | 0.37 | 0.55 | 221/234 | 0.73 | 0.74 |
Distance to school ‡ | 244/259 | 0.78 | 0.71 | 155/164 | 0.90 | 0.89 |
Time to school ‡ | 249/271 | 0.63 | 0.54 | 155/166 | 0.76 | 0.82 |
Total | 0.43 | 0.47 | 0.62 | 0.54 |
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Segura-Díaz, J.M.; Rojas-Jiménez, Á.; Barranco-Ruiz, Y.; Murillo-Pardo, B.; Saucedo-Araujo, R.G.; Aranda-Balboa, M.J.; Herrador-Colmenero, M.; Villa-González, E.; Chillón, P. Feasibility and Reliability of a Questionnaire to Assess the Mode, Frequency, Distance and Time of Commuting to and from School: The PACO Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5039. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145039
Segura-Díaz JM, Rojas-Jiménez Á, Barranco-Ruiz Y, Murillo-Pardo B, Saucedo-Araujo RG, Aranda-Balboa MJ, Herrador-Colmenero M, Villa-González E, Chillón P. Feasibility and Reliability of a Questionnaire to Assess the Mode, Frequency, Distance and Time of Commuting to and from School: The PACO Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(14):5039. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145039
Chicago/Turabian StyleSegura-Díaz, José Manuel, Álvaro Rojas-Jiménez, Yaira Barranco-Ruiz, Berta Murillo-Pardo, Romina Gisele Saucedo-Araujo, María Jesús Aranda-Balboa, Manuel Herrador-Colmenero, Emilio Villa-González, and Palma Chillón. 2020. "Feasibility and Reliability of a Questionnaire to Assess the Mode, Frequency, Distance and Time of Commuting to and from School: The PACO Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14: 5039. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145039