Prevalence and Socio-Demographic, Academic, Health and Lifestyle Predictors of Illicit Drug/s Use among University Undergraduate Students in Finland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Illustrate selected socio-demographic, academic, and health and lifestyle characteristics of the sample and the lifetime prevalence of IDU;
- Appraise a variety of variables by IDU status (regular, occasional, never) (bivariate analysis); and,
- Assess and compare the variables associated with ever (lifetime) IDU (i.e. regular and occasional together) controlling for all other variables (multiple logistic regression analysis).
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethics, Sample, and Data Collection
2.2. Health and Wellbeing Questionnaire
2.2.1. Sociodemographic Variables
2.2.2. Academic Achievement
2.2.3. Health Variables
2.2.4. Lifestyle Variables
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participating Faculties and Disciplines
3.2. Sample Characteristics
3.3. Variables Associated with Regular Illicit Drug/s Use (Bivariate Analyses)
3.4. Variables Associated with Occasional Illicit Drug/s Use (Bivariate Analyses)
3.5. Variables Associated with Never Illicit Drug/s Use (Bivariate Analyses)
3.6. Independent Predictors of Ever (lifetime) Illicit Drug/s Use (Multiple Logistic Regression)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lifetime Illicit Drug/s Use | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Yes, Regularly N (Valid %) | Yes, A Few Times N (Valid %) | Never N (Valid %) | Total N (Valid %) | |
17 (1.5) | 228 (19.6) | 921 (79.0) | 1166 (100) | |
Sex | ||||
Female | 7 (0.9) | 142 (17.4) | 669 (81.8) | 823 (70.4) |
Male | 10 (2.9) | 82 (24.0) | 249 (73) | 346 (29.6) |
Age, years N (M±SD) | 17 (24.5 ± 5.1) | 228 (23.5 ± 4) | 919 (22.8 ± 5.5) | 1164 (23 ± 5.2) |
Year of study | ||||
1st year | 5 (0.9) | 93 (17.0) | 449 (82.1) | 553 (47.2) |
2nd year | 8 (2.3) | 75 (21.8) | 261 (75.9) | 344 (29.4) |
3rd year | 4 (1.6) | 49 (19.8) | 194 (78.5) | 251 (21.4) |
≥4th year | 0 | 11 (47.8) | 12 (52.2) | 23 (2.0) |
Discipline of Study at University | ||||
Education and Law | 2 (1.1) | 35 (18.8) | 149 (80.1) | 188 (16.4) |
Economics | 2 (1.5) | 31 (22.8) | 103 (75.7) | 138 (12.0) |
Medicine | 4 (2.4) | 30 (18.2) | 131 (79.4) | 168 (14.6) |
Technology and Science | 3 (0.9) | 51 (15.7) | 271 (83.4) | 328 (28.5) |
Humanities | 4 (1.2) | 76 (23.3) | 246 (75.5) | 327 (28.5) |
Accommodation during semester | ||||
With parents | 5 (1.3) | 61 (15.6) | 325 (83.1) | 394 (33.7) |
Not with parents | 12 (1.6) | 165 (21.5) | 592 (77) | 776 (66.3) |
Marital status | ||||
Married or in relationship | 9 (1.5) | 131 (22.2) | 449 (76.2) | 593 (50.7) |
Single | 8 (1.4) | 94 (16.5) | 468 (82.1) | 576 (49.3) |
Religiosity (Importance of religion in life) | ||||
Strongly or somewhat agree/neither agree nor disagree | 5 (1.1) | 71 (15.5) | 382 (83.4) | 464 (39.8) |
Strongly disagree/somewhat disagree | 11 (1.6) | 156 (22.3) | 531 (76.1) | 702 (60.2) |
Financial burden/s | ||||
No burden | 12 (1.2) | 170 (17.7) | 779 (81.1) | 971 (83.0) |
Strong burden | 5 (2.5) | 57 (28.8) | 136 (68.7) | 199 (17.0) |
Self-rated general health | ||||
Poor/Fair | 5 (5.7) | 33 (37.9) | 49 (56.3) | 87 (7.4) |
Good/very good/excellent | 12 (1.1) | 194 (18.1) | 866 (80.8) | 1083 (92.6) |
Health awareness | ||||
Not at all/not much | 4 (2.5) | 27 (17.2) | 126 (80.3) | 159 (13.6) |
To some extent/very much | 13 (1.3) | 201 (20.1) | 786 (78.6) | 1009 (86.4) |
Depressive symptoms | ||||
low (<5th quintile) | 9 (1.0) | 160 (17.2) | 761 (81.8) | 939 (79.8) |
High (≥5th quintile) | 8 (3.4) | 67 (28.5) | 160 (68.1) | 237 (20.2) |
Perceived stress | ||||
Low (<median) | 6 (1.3) | 76 (16.6) | 377 (82.1) | 463 (39.4) |
High (≥median) | 11 (1.6) | 151 (21.4) | 544 (77.1) | 713 (60.6) |
Smoking | ||||
(Never/occasional) | 12 (1.1) | 191 (17.6) | 881 (81.3) | 1094 (93.7) |
Daily | 5 (6.8) | 36 (48.6) | 33 (44.6) | (6.3) |
Heavy episodic drinking last 2 weeks | ||||
<1 time | 3 (0.8) | 40 (10.8) | 326 (88.3) | 372 (33.8) |
≥1 time | 14 (1.9) | 179 (24.8) | 529 (73.3) | 729 (66.2) |
CAGE score | ||||
<2 positive responses | 4 (0.5) | 132 (16.3) | 672 (83.2) | 815 (71.2) |
≥2 positive (possible problem drinking) | 13 (4.0) | 95 (29.1) | 218 (66.9) | 329 (28.8) |
CAGE score | ||||
(<3 positive responses) | 11 (1.1) | 188 (18.2) | 836 (80.8 | 1044 (91.3) |
≥3 positive (possible alcohol dependence) | 6 (6.1) | 39 (39.4) | 54 (54.5) | 100 (8.7) |
Academic performance compared to peers | ||||
Same, better or much better | 13 (1.3) | 190 (19.3) | 781 (79.4) | 992 (84.6) |
Worse or much worse | 4 (2.2) | 38 (21.3) | 136 (76.4) | 180 (15.4) |
Variable | Illicit Drug/s Use | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes, Regularly (n = 17) | Yes, a Few times (n = 228) | Never (n = 921) | ||||||||||
N (%) | OR | P | 95% CI | N (%) | OR | P | 95 %CI | N (%) | OR | P | 95 %CI | |
Sex (Female) | 7 (0.9) | 142 (17.4) | 669 (81.8) | |||||||||
Male | 10 (2.9) | 3.84 | 0.007 | 1.45–10.19 | 82 (24.0) | 1.55 | 0.005 | 1.14–2.11 | 249 (73) | 0.60 | 0.001 | 0.45–0.81 |
Age (years) | 1.04 | 0.21 | 0.98–1.11 | 1.02 | 0.10 | 0.99–1.05 | 0.97 | 0.06 | 0.95–1.00 | |||
Accommodation during semester (With parents) | 5 (1.3) | 61 (15.6) | 325 (83.1) | |||||||||
(Not with parents) | 12 (1.6) | 1.32 | 0.61 | 0.46–3.77 | 165 (21.5) | 1.49 | 0.02 | 1.08–2.05 | 592 (77) | 0.68 | 0.02 | 0.50–0.93 |
Marital status (Married/in relationship) | 9 (1.5) | 131 (22.2) | 449 (76.2) | |||||||||
Single | 8 (1.4) | 0.85 | 0.75 | 0.33–2.23 | 94 (16.5) | 0.69 | 0.01 | 0.51–0.93 | 468 (82.1) | 1.43 | 0.01 | 1.08–1.91 |
Financial burden/s (No burden) | 12 (1.2) | 170 (17.7) | 779 (81.1) | |||||||||
Strong burden | 5 (2.5) | 2.39 | 0.11 | 0.83–6.88 | 57 (28.8) | 1.92 | <0.0001 | 1.35–2.73 | 136 (68.7) | 0.51 | <0.0001 | 0.36–0.72 |
Religiosity (Strongly or somewhat agree/neither agree nor disagree) | 5 (1.1) | 71 (15.5) | 382 (83.4) | |||||||||
Strongly disagree/somewhat disagree | 11 (1.6) | 1.58 | 0.40 | 0.55–4.59 | 156 (22.3) | 1.58 | 0.004 | 1.16–2.16 | 531 (76.1) | 0.63 | 0.003 | 0.47–0.86 |
Discipline of Study at University (Humanities) | 4 (1.2) | 76 (23.3) | 246 (75.5) | |||||||||
Education and Law | 2 (1.1) | 0.83 | 0.83 | 0.15–4.56 | 35 (18.8) | 0.76 | 0.23 | 0.49–1.19 | 149 (80.1) | 1.31 | 0.23 | 0.84–2.03 |
Economics | 2 (1.5) | 1.19 | 0.84 | 0.22–6.62 | 31 (22.8) | 0.97 | 0.91 | 0.61–1.57 | 103 (75.7) | 1.02 | 0.95 | 0.64–1.62 |
Medicine | 4 (2.4) | 1.88 | 0.38 | 0.46–7.63 | 30 (18.2) | 0.74 | 0.22 | 0.46–1.19 | 131 (79.4) | 1.25 | 0.33 | 0.80–1.97 |
Technology and Science | 3 (0.9) | 0.68 | 0.62 | 0.15–3.07 | 51 (15.7) | 0.61 | 0.01 | 0.41–0.90 | 271 (83.4) | 1.63 | 0.01 | 1.11–2.40 |
Self-rated general health (Poor/Fair) | 5 (5.7) | 33 (37.9) | 49 (56.3) | |||||||||
Good/very good/excellent | 13 (1.3) | 0.14 | <0.0001 | 0.05–0.40 | 194 (18.1) | 0.33 | <0.0001 | 0.21–0.53 | 866 (80.8) | 3.26 | <0.0001 | 2.08–5.11 |
Health awareness (Not at all/not much) | 4 (2.5) | 27 (17.2) | 126 (80.3) | |||||||||
To some extent/very much | 13 (1.3) | 0.52 | 0.26 | 0.17–1.63 | 201 (20.1) | 1.19 | 0.44 | 0.77–1.86 | 786 (78.6) | 0.90 | 0.64 | 0.59–1.38 |
Smoking (Never/occasional) | 12 (1.1) | 191 (17.6) | 881 (81.3) | |||||||||
Daily | 5 (6.8) | 11.13 | <0.0001 | 3.70–33.41 | 36 (48.6) | 5.03 | <0.0001 | 3.06–8.28 | 33 (44.6) | 0.19 | <0.0001 | 0.11–0.30 |
Depressive symptoms (low < 5th quintile) | 9 (1.0) | 160 (17.2) | 761 (81.8) | |||||||||
High (≥5th quintile) | 8 (3.4) | 4.23 | 0.003 | 1.61–11.13 | 67 (28.5) | 1.99 | <0.0001 | 1.43–2.78 | 160 (68.1) | 0.47 | <0.0001 | 0.34–0.65 |
Perceived stress Low (<median) | 6 (1.3) | 377 (82.1) | ||||||||||
High (≥median) | 11 (1.6) | 1.27 | 0.64 | 0.47–3.47 | 1.38 | 0.04 | 1.02–1.87 | 544 (77.1) | 0.73 | 0.04 | 0.54–0.98 | |
Academic performance compared to peers (Same, better or much better) | 13 (1.3) | 190 (19.3) | 781 (79.4) | |||||||||
Worse or much worse | 4 (2.2) | 1.77 | 0.33 | 0.57–5.50 | 38 (21.3) | 1.15 | 0.49 | 0.78–1.70 | 136 (76.4) | 0.84 | 0.37 | 0.58–1.23 |
Heavy episodic drinking last 2 weeks (<1 time) | 3 (0.8) | 40 (10.8) | 326 (88.3) | |||||||||
≥1 time | 14 (1.9) | 2.88 | 0.10 | 0.82–10.08 | 179 (24.8) | 2.76 | <0.0001 | 1.91–3.99 | 529 (73.3) | 0.36 | <0.0001 | 0.25–0.52 |
CAGE score (<2 positive responses) | 4 (0.5) | 132 (16.3) | 672 (83.2) | |||||||||
≥2 positive (possible problem drinking) | 13 (4.0) | 10.02 | <0.0001 | 3.23–31.05 | 95 (29.1) | 2.22 | <0.0001 | 1.64–3.01 | 218 (66.9) | 0.41 | <0.0001 | 0.30–0.55 |
CAGE score (<3 positive responses) | 11 (1.1) | 188 (18.2) | 836 (80.8 | |||||||||
≥3 positive (possible alcohol dependence) | 6 (6.1) | 8.45 | <0.0001 | 3.01–23.70 | 39 (39.4) | 3.21 | <0.0001 | 2.07–4.99 | 54 (54.5) | 0.29 | <0.0001 | 0.19–0.44 |
Variable | Ever Illicit Drug/s Use | ||
---|---|---|---|
AOR | 95% CI for AOR | P | |
Sex (Female) | 1 | ||
Male | 1.82 | 1.28–2.59 | 0.001 |
Accommodation during semester (With parents) | 1 | ||
(Not with parents) | 2.59 | 1.72–3.92 | <0.001 |
Marital status (Married/in relationship) | 1 | ||
Single | 0.51 | 0.35–0.74 | <0.001 |
Religiosity (Strongly or somewhat agree/neither agree nor disagree) | 1 | ||
Strongly disagree/somewhat disagree | 1.49 | 1.06–2.09 | 0.022 |
Self-rated general health (Poor/Fair) | 1 | ||
Good/very good/excellent | 0.41 | 0.23–0.74 | 0.003 |
Health awareness (Not at all/not much) | 1 | ||
To some extent/very much | 1.93 | 1.14–3.27 | 0.014 |
Smoking (Never/occasional) | 1 | ||
Daily | 3.69 | 2.10–6.48 | <0.001 |
Depressive symptoms (low < 5th quintile) | 1 | ||
High (≥5th quintile) | 1.82 | 1.21–2.75 | 0.004 |
Heavy episodic drinking last 2 weeks (<1 time) | 1 | ||
≥1 time | 2.38 | 1.59–3.56 | <0.001 |
CAGE score (<3 positive responses) | 1 | ||
≥3 positive (possible alcohol dependence) | 2.55 | 1.57–4.15 | <0.001 |
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El Ansari, W.; Salam, A.; Suominen, S. Prevalence and Socio-Demographic, Academic, Health and Lifestyle Predictors of Illicit Drug/s Use among University Undergraduate Students in Finland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5094. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145094
El Ansari W, Salam A, Suominen S. Prevalence and Socio-Demographic, Academic, Health and Lifestyle Predictors of Illicit Drug/s Use among University Undergraduate Students in Finland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(14):5094. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145094
Chicago/Turabian StyleEl Ansari, Walid, Abdul Salam, and Sakari Suominen. 2020. "Prevalence and Socio-Demographic, Academic, Health and Lifestyle Predictors of Illicit Drug/s Use among University Undergraduate Students in Finland" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14: 5094. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145094