Anxiety and Avoidance in Adults and Childhood Trauma Are Associated with Negative Religious Coping
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedure
2.2. Measures
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Description of the Population
3.2. Negative Religious Coping and Experience in a Close Relationship
3.3. Negative Religious Coping and Childhood Trauma Experience
4. Discussion
4.1. Strengths and Limitations
4.2. Implications
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total | NRC a | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | ||
Gender | |||||
Male | 231 | 43.5 | 56 | 24.2 | n.s. |
Female | 300 | 56.5 | 70 | 23.3 | |
Age | |||||
15–29 years old | 86 | 16.2 | 13 | 16.0 | |
30–49 years old | 154 | 29.0 | 30 | 19.5 | 0.013 * |
50–69 years old | 209 | 39.4 | 55 | 26.3 | (1–4 *; 2–4 *) |
70+ years old | 82 | 15.4 | 28 | 34.1 | |
Marital status | |||||
Single/Divorced/Widow-widower | 199 | 37.5 | 49 | 24.6 | n.s. |
Married/Partner relationship | 332 | 62.5 | 77 | 23.2 | |
Education | |||||
Primary | 37 | 7.0 | 11 | 29.7 | |
Skilled operative | 150 | 28.2 | 37 | 24.7 | n.s. |
High school | 234 | 44.1 | 56 | 23.9 | |
College | 110 | 20.7 | 22 | 20.0 | |
Religiosityb | |||||
Believer, member of the church | 170 | 32.0 | 44 | 25.9 | n.s. |
Believer outside the church | 361 | 68.0 | 82 | 22.7 | |
Church attendance | |||||
Attending | 105 | 19.8 | 28 | 26.7 | n.s. |
Non-attending | 426 | 80:2 | 98 | 23.0 | |
Prayer | |||||
Praying regularly | 131 | 24.7 | 37 | 28.2 | n.s. |
Not praying regularly | 400 | 75.3 | 89 | 22.3 | |
Total | 531 | 100 | 126 | 23.7 |
NRC Summary | NRC-1 Wondered whether God had abandoned me | NRC-2 Felt punished by God for my lack of devotion | NRC-3 Wondered what I did for God to punish me | |
Model 1 a | ||||
Anxiety | 1.42 (1.17–1.72) *** | 1.35 (1.03–1.79) * | 1.65 (1.24–2.18) ** | 1.61 (1.27–2.05) *** |
Avoidance | 1.47 (1.12–1.78) *** | 1.44 (1.09–1.89) * | 1.75 (1.32–2.32) *** | 1.56 (1.23–1.99) *** |
Model 2 b | ||||
Anxiety | 1.50 (1.23–1.84) *** | 1.42 (1.06–1.89) * | 1.91 (1.42–2.56) *** | 1.70 (1.33–2.18) *** |
Avoidance | 1.55 (1.27–1.91) *** | 1.36 (1.01–1.85) * | 1.85 (1.33–2.57) *** | 1.75 (1.34–2.30) *** |
Model 3 c | ||||
Anxiety | 1.27 (1.01–1.59) * | 1.20 (0.87–1.66) | 1.64 (1.18–2.29) ** | 1.37 (1.03–1.82) * |
Avoidance | 1.41 (1.13–1.75) ** | 1.22 (0.88–1.70) | 1.75 (1.23–2.48) ** | 1.53 (1.15–2.05) ** |
NRC-4 Questioned God’s love for me | NRC-5 Wondered whether my church had abandoned me | NRC-6 Decided the devil made this happen | NRC-7 Questioned the power of God | |
Model 1 a | ||||
Anxiety | 1.75 (1.31–2.25) *** | 1.47 (1.09–1.99) * | 1.65 (1.20–2.29) ** | 1.29 (0.94–1.77) |
Avoidance | 1.86 (1.42–2.44)*** | 1.92 (1.43–2.58) *** | 2.23 (1.61–3.08) *** | 1.23 (0.89–1.69) |
Model 2 b | ||||
Anxiety | 1.83 (1.39–2.42) *** | 1.64 (1.21–2.23) ** | 1.42 (1.06–1.89) * | 1.43 (1.03–1.97) * |
Avoidance | 2.02 (1.46–2.79) *** | 2.24 (1.56–3.22) *** | 3.53 (2.23–5.59) *** | 1.24 (0.88–1.75) |
Model 3 c | ||||
Anxiety | 1.32 (0.95–1.84) | 1.07 (0.73–1.57) | 0.94 (0.61–1.45) | 1.22 (0.84–1.76) |
Avoidance | 1.67 (1.17–2.37) ** | 1.87 (1.25–2.79) ** | 3.33 (1.98–5.61) *** | 1.12 (1.77–1.63) |
NRC Summary | NRC-1 Wondered Whether God Had Abandoned Me | NRC-2 Felt Punished by God for My Lack of Devotion | NRC-3 Wondered What I Did for God to Punish Me | |
Model 1 a | ||||
Emotional abuse | 1.24 (1.03–1.49) * | 0.90 (0.64–1.26) | 1.14 (0.85–1.51) | 1.37 (1.10–1.70) ** |
Physical abuse | 1.33 (1.12–1.60) ** | 0.97 (0.68–1.31) | 1.31 (1.04–1.66) * | 1.41 (1.15–1.72) ** |
Sexual abuse | 1.24 (1.04–1.47) * | 1.12 (0.88–1.43) | 1.20 (0.96–1.50) | 1.20 (0.98–1.46) |
Emotional neglect | 1.48 (1.22–1.79) *** | 1.35 (1.02–1.79) * | 1.82 (1.30–2.42) *** | 1.75 (1.38–2.23) *** |
Physical neglect | 1.72 (1.42–2.09) *** | 1.57 (1.22–2.04) ** | 1.88 (1.44–2.44) *** | 1.84 (1.46–2.31) *** |
Model 2 b | ||||
Emotional abuse | 1.30 (1.07–1.58) ** | 0.91 (0.64–1.29) | 1.19 (0.87–1.62) | 1.46 (1.15–1.86) ** |
Physical abuse | 1.38 (1.13–1.66) ** | 0.91 (0.62–1.34) | 1.35 (1.03–1.78) * | 1.51 (1.20–1.90) *** |
Sexual abuse | 1.31 (1.09–1.58) ** | 1.19 (0.85–1.62) | 1.30 (0.98–1.73) | 1.29 (1.01–1.64) * |
Emotional neglect | 1.50 (1.22–1.87) *** | 1.36 (0.99–1.86) | 1.94 (1.41–2.66) *** | 1.91 (1.45–2.51) *** |
Physical neglect | 1.65 (1.36–1.99) *** | 1.49 (1.15–1.92) ** | 1.83 (1.40–2.39) *** | 1.86 (1.48–2.34) *** |
Model 3 c | ||||
Emotional abuse | 1.12 (0.90–1.40) | 0.74 (0.50–1.09) | 0.91 (0.63–1.31) | 1.20 (0.91–1.59) |
Physical abuse | 1.29 (1.05–1.59) * | 0.85 (0.57–1.25) | 1.25 (0.94–1.67) | 1.41 (1.12–1.79) ** |
Sexual abuse | 1.23 (0.99–1.54) | 1.11 (0.81–1.52) | 1.20 (0.90–1.62) | 1.17 (0.91–1.50) |
Emotional neglect | 1.28 (1.01–1.62) * | 1.13 (0.79–1.61) | 1.68 (1.17–2.41) ** | 1.56 (1.15–2.12) ** |
Physical neglect | 1.50 (1.23–1.83) *** | 1.35 (1.02–1.78) * | 1.65 (1.24–2.20) ** | 1.66 (1.30–1.12) *** |
NRC-4 Questioned God’s love for me | NRC-5 Wondered whether my church had abandoned me | NRC-6 Decided the devil made this happen | NRC-7 Questioned the power of God | |
Model 1 a | ||||
Emotional abuse | 1.37 (1.07–1.75) * | 1.36 (1.04–1.77) * | 1.10 (0.78–1.54) | 1.34 (1.02–1.76) * |
Physical abuse | 1.31 (1.05–1.65) * | 1.31 (1.03–1.68) * | 1.46 (1.15–1.87) ** | 1.34 (1.05–1.7) * |
Sexual abuse | 1.36 (1.13–1.65) ** | 1.51 (1.26–1.82) *** | 1.41 (1.56–1.73) ** | 1.22 (0.97–1.54) |
Emotional neglect | 1.80 (1.38–2.36) *** | 1.94 (1.44–2.61) *** | 1.95 (1.42–2.68) *** | 1.58 (1.17–2.14) ** |
Physical neglect | 1.85 (1.44–2.39) *** | 2.36 (1.77–3.13) *** | 2.08 (1.55–2.80) *** | 1.69 (1.28–2.24) *** |
Model 2 b | ||||
Emotional abuse | 1.49 (1.14–1.94) ** | 1.43 (1.07–1.91) * | 1.10 (0.76–1.58) | 1.36 (1.02–1.83) * |
Physical abuse | 1.39 (1.07–1.81) * | 1.37 (1.04–1.82) * | 1.51 (1.15–1.98) ** | 1.36 (1.03–1.80) * |
Sexual abuse | 1.55 (1.22–1.98) *** | 1.74 (1.36–2.24) *** | 1.53 (1.19–1.97) ** | 1.30 (0.97–1.75) |
Emotional neglect | 1.91 (1.40–2.59) *** | 2.12 (1.52–2.97) *** | 1.88 (1.35–2.62) *** | 1.60 (1.14–2.25) ** |
Physical neglect | 1.81 (1.40–2.35) *** | 2.34 (1.76–3.12) *** | 2.07 (1.45–2.95) *** | 1.58 (1.20–2.10) ** |
Model 3 c | ||||
Emotional abuse | 1.12 (0.80–1.55) | 0.96 (0.65–1.41) | 0.58 (0.37–0.92) * | 1.19 (0.86–1.65) |
Physical abuse | 1.29 (0.97–1.70) | 1.24(0.91–1.69) | 1.38 (1.03–1.86) * | 1.28 (0.95–1.71) |
Sexual abuse | 1.39 (1.08–1.78) * | 1.58 (1.22–2.03) *** | 1.35 (1.02–1.77) * | 1.23 (0.91–1.66) |
Emotional neglect | 1.37 (0.96–1.96) | 1.47 (0.99–2.20) | 1.35 (0.88–2.10) | 1.41 (0.96–2.07) |
Physical neglect | 1.52 (1.14–2.02) ** | 2.04 (1.49–2.79) *** | 1.74 (1.25–2.43) ** | 1.45 (1.07–1.96) * |
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Kosarkova, A.; Malinakova, K.; van Dijk, J.P.; Tavel, P. Anxiety and Avoidance in Adults and Childhood Trauma Are Associated with Negative Religious Coping. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5147. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145147
Kosarkova A, Malinakova K, van Dijk JP, Tavel P. Anxiety and Avoidance in Adults and Childhood Trauma Are Associated with Negative Religious Coping. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(14):5147. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145147
Chicago/Turabian StyleKosarkova, Alice, Klara Malinakova, Jitse P. van Dijk, and Peter Tavel. 2020. "Anxiety and Avoidance in Adults and Childhood Trauma Are Associated with Negative Religious Coping" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14: 5147. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145147