Is There a Link between Different Types of Alcoholic Drinks and Obesity? An Analysis of 280,183 UK Biobank Participants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Outcomes
2.2. Alcohol Consumption
2.3. Covariates
2.4. Statistical Analysis
- (a)
- Multiple logistic regression to investigate the associations between overall alcohol consumption and alcoholic drink types with dichotomous (BMI-defined) overweight (25 kg/m2) and obesity (30 kg/m2).
- (b)
- Additional adjustment for education as an individual-level indicator of socioeconomic status using age completed the highest education qualification.
- (c)
- Additional analysis by including 2389 participants who were underweight but had a BMI over 13 kg/m2.
- (d)
- We combined previous and never drinkers as a reference in order to compare the results with previous studies.
3. Results
3.1. Overall Alcohol Consumption, BMI and Body Fat
3.2. Individual Types of Alcohol Drinks, BMI and Body Fat
3.3. Dose–Response Associations of Specific Alcoholic Drink Types and BMI/obesity
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Alcohol Consumption Categories | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | Never Drinker (n = 13,143) | Previous Drinker (n = 11,676) | Within Guidelines (n = 175,812) | Hazardous (n = 75,626) | Harmful (n = 3926) |
Alcohol consumption (number of UK units/week) 1 | N/A | N/A | 6.8 (3.2) | 21.4 (7.3) | 57.0 (22.8) |
Red wine (percent who reported any consumption in the previous week) | N/A | N/A | 65.9 | 74.4 | 67.3 |
Champagne/white wine (percent who reported any consumption in the previous week) | N/A | N/A | 55.2 | 58.2 | 60.4 |
Beer/cider (percent who reported any consumption in the previous week) | N/A | N/A | 48.5 | 67.3 | 60.2 |
Spirits (percent who reported any consumption in the previous week) | N/A | N/A | 32.2 | 49.0 | 61.8 |
Fortified wine (percent who reported any consumption in the previous week) | N/A | N/A | 9.7 | 10.8 | 11.5 |
Other alcohol (percent who reported any consumption in the previous week) | N/A | N/A | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.7 |
Physical activity2 | |||||
Not meeting guidelines (%) | 21.2 | 21.1 | 16.8 | 16.8 | 23.0 |
Meeting lower guidelines (%) | 17.8 | 16.3 | 18.1 | 17.0 | 17.0 |
Meeting upper guidelines (%) | 60.9 | 62.5 | 65.1 | 66.2 | 59.9 |
Age (years) | 56.8 (8.6) | 56.8 (8.0) | 56.2 (8.1) | 56.5 (7.9) | 55.6 (7.8) |
Female (%) | 69.3 | 52.7 | 54.7 | 29.7 | 40.3 |
Body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) 3 | 27.9 (5.4) | 28.1 (5.4) | 26.7 (4.3) | 27.5 (4.1) | 28.1 (4.7) |
Body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) 3 categories | |||||
Normal (%) | 31.5 | 30.6 | 37.3 | 27.7 | 25.7 |
Overweight (%) | 39.5 | 39.4 | 43.5 | 48.6 | 43.0 |
Obese (%) | 29.0 | 30.0 | 19.2 | 23.8 | 31.3 |
Body fat percentage (BF%) | 31.4 (8.5) | 31.5 (8.6) | 31.4 (8.5) | 31.4 (8.5) | 31.6 (8.5) |
Sleep duration (h) | 7.1 (1.3) | 7.2 (1.4) | 7.2 (1.0) | 7.2 (1.0) | 7.2 (1.3) |
Cigarette smoking | |||||
Never (%) | 82.5 | 45.1 | 58.5 | 38.5 | 24.4 |
Previous (%) | 11.9 | 40.6 | 34.3 | 46.7 | 44.8 |
Current (%) | 5.5 | 14.3 | 7.2 | 14.8 | 30.7 |
Sedentary behavior (hours/day) | 4.7 (2.7) | 5.1 (2.8) | 4.6 (2.3) | 5.0 (2.4) | 5.4 (2.9) |
Townsend deprivation index 4 | −0.5 (3.4) | −0.2 (3.5) | −1.8 (2.8) | −1.5 (2.9) | −0.6 (3.3) |
Fruit and vegetable consumption (average number of servings/day) | 9.0 (6.2) | 8.7 (5.7) | 8.1 (4.4) | 7.6 (4.4) | 7.0 (5.1) |
Chronic Illness | |||||
Major CVD event (%) | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 3.3 |
Cancer (%) | 8.4 | 8.3 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 7.5 |
Education 5 | 16.3 (4.5) | 16.3 (3.2) | 16.8 (2.8) | 16.8 (2.7) | 16.7 (2.9) |
Employment Status (%) | |||||
In paid employment/self-employed | 56.9 | 57.1 | 57.3 | 57.4 | 57.5 |
Unemployed | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.8 |
Retired | 33.2 | 33.9 | 33.3 | 33.3 | 32.7 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient (95% CI) | p | Coefficient (95%CI) | p | |
Alcohol consumption | ||||
BMI | ||||
Never drinker | Referent | <0.001 | Referent | <0.001 |
Previous drinker | −0.01 (−0.12, 0.10) | −0.11 (−0.22, −0.01) | ||
Within guidelines | −1.34 (−1.42, −1.26) | −1.12 (−1.20, −1.05) | ||
Hazardous | −0.85 (−0.93, −0.77) | −0.71 (−0.79, −0.63) | ||
Harmful | −0.09 (−0.24, 0.07) | −0.28 (−0.43, −0.13) | ||
Body fat percentage | ||||
Never drinker | Referent | 0.63 | Referent | 0.55 |
Previous drinker | 0.16 (−0.05, 0.37) | 0.16 (−0.05, 0.38) | ||
Within guidelines | 0.06 (−0.09, 0.21) | 0.07 (−0.08, 0.23) | ||
Hazardous | 0.06 (−0.10, 0.22) | 0.08 (−0.09, 0.24) | ||
Harmful | 0.21 (−0.09, 0.52) | 0.23 (−0.08, 0.54) |
Model 1 | Model 2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient (95% CI) | p | Coefficient (95% CI) | p | |
Alcohol consumption (ref: not drinking this drink type) | ||||
Total | ||||
BMI | ||||
Red wine | −0.75 (−0.78, −0.72) | <0.001 | −0.53 (−0.57, −0.50) | <0.001 |
Champagne/white wine | −0.48 (−0.52, −0.45) | <0.001 | −0.38 (−0.41, −0.35) | <0.001 |
Beer/cider | 0.18 (0.14, 0.22) | <0.001 | 0.20 (0.16, 0.24) | <0.001 |
Spirits | 0.64 (0.61, 0.68) | <0.001 | 0.54 (0.51, 0.58) | <0.001 |
Fortified wine | −0.24 (−0.29, −0.18) | <0.001 | −0.18 (−0.23, −0.12) | <0.001 |
Other alcohol | 0.56 (0.31, 0.81) | <0.001 | 0.28 (0.04, 0.52) | 0.02 |
Body fat percentage | ||||
Red wine | 0.03 (−0.04, 0.10) | 0.37 | 0.03 (−0.04, 0.10) | 0.42 |
Champagne/white wine | −0.06 (−0.13, 0.01) | 0.08 | −0.07(−0.14, 0.001) | 0.05 |
Beer/cider | −0.03 (−0.11, 0.04) | 0.41 | −0.04 (−0.12, 0.04) | 0.29 |
Spirits | 0.02 (−0.05, 0.09) | 0.61 | 0.02 (−0.06, 0.09) | 0.67 |
Fortified wine | 0.01 (−0.10, 0.13) | 0.82 | 0.02 (−0.10, 0.13) | 0.79 |
Other alcohol | 0.23 (−0.27, 0.72) | 0.37 | 0.23 (−0.27, 0.72) | 0.37 |
Females | ||||
BMI | ||||
Red wine | −0.88 (−0.93, −0.83) | <0.001 | −0.52 (−0.58, −0.47) | <0.001 |
Champagne/white wine | −0.69 (−0.74, −0.64) | <0.001 | −0.41 (−0.47, −0.36) | <0.001 |
Beer/cider | 0.03 (−0.03, 0.09) | 0.32 | 0.06 (0.002, 0.12) | 0.04 |
Spirits | 0.71 (0.65, 0.76) | <0.001 | 0.68 (0.63, 0.73) | <0.001 |
Fortified wine | −0.24 (−0.33, −0.16) | <0.001 | −0.12 (−0.20, −0.04) | 0.01 |
Other alcohol | 0.73 (0.37, 1.09) | <0.001 | 0.49 (0.15, 0.84) | 0.01 |
Body fat percentage | ||||
Red wine | 0.01 (−0.08, 0.11) | 0.78 | 0.02 (−0.09, 0.12) | 0.76 |
Champagne/white wine | −0.02 (−0.11, 0.08) | 0.75 | −0.02 (−0.12, 0.09) | 0.77 |
Beer/cider | −0.05 (−0.16, 0.07) | 0.41 | −0.05 (−0.16, 0.06) | 0.39 |
Spirits | −0.01 (−0.11, 0.09) | 0.84 | 0.003 (−0.10, 0.11) | 0.95 |
Fortified wine | 0.04 (−0.12, 0.19) | 0.66 | 0.04 (−0.12, 0.19) | 0.65 |
Other alcohol | −0.07 (−0.73, 0.60) | 0.85 | −0.04 (−0.70, 0.63) | 0.91 |
Males | ||||
BMI | ||||
Red wine | −0.64 (−0.68, −0.59) | <0.001 | −0.55 (−0.60, −0.51) | <0.001 |
Champagne/white wine | −0.30 (−0.35, −0.26) | <0.001 | −0.28 (−0.32, −0.23) | <0.001 |
Beer/cider | 0.32 (0.27, 0.37) | <0.001 | 0.19 (0.14, 0.24) | <0.001 |
Spirits | 0.57 (0.53, 0.62) | <0.001 | 0.40 (0.36, 0.44) | <0.001 |
Fortified wine | −0.26 (−0.34, −0.19) | <0.001 | −0.24 (−0.31, −0.16) | <0.001 |
Other alcohol | 0.32 (−0.02, 0.66) | 0.07 | 0.03 (−0.31, 0.36) | 0.88 |
Body fat percentage | ||||
Red wine | 0.06 (−0.04, 0.16) | 0.25 | 0.06 (−0.04, 0.16) | 0.26 |
Champagne/white wine | −0.11 (−0.20, −0.02) | 0.02 | −0.11 (−0.21, −0.02) | 0.02 |
Beer/cider | −0.02 (−0.12, 0.08) | 0.71 | −0.04 (−0.15, 0.07) | 0.47 |
Spirits | 0.04 (−0.05, 0.14) | 0.37 | 0.03 (−0.07, 0.13) | 0.53 |
Fortified wine | −0.01 (−0.17, 0.15) | 0.91 | −0.01 (−0.17, 0.16) | 0.94 |
Other alcohol | 0.59 (−0.15, 1.33) | 0.12 | 0.57 (−0.16, 1.31) | 0.13 |
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Inan-Eroglu, E.; Powell, L.; Hamer, M.; O'Donovan, G.; Duncan, M.J.; Stamatakis, E. Is There a Link between Different Types of Alcoholic Drinks and Obesity? An Analysis of 280,183 UK Biobank Participants. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5178. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145178
Inan-Eroglu E, Powell L, Hamer M, O'Donovan G, Duncan MJ, Stamatakis E. Is There a Link between Different Types of Alcoholic Drinks and Obesity? An Analysis of 280,183 UK Biobank Participants. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(14):5178. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145178
Chicago/Turabian StyleInan-Eroglu, Elif, Lauren Powell, Mark Hamer, Gary O'Donovan, Mitch J. Duncan, and Emmanuel Stamatakis. 2020. "Is There a Link between Different Types of Alcoholic Drinks and Obesity? An Analysis of 280,183 UK Biobank Participants" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14: 5178. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145178