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Article

Experimental Investigation of Air Quality in a Subway Station with Fully Enclosed Platform Screen Doors

by
Liping Pang
1,2,
Chenyuan Yang
1,
Xiaodong Cao
1,*,
Qing Tian
3 and
Bo Li
3
1
School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
2
School of Aero-Engine, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, China
3
School of Information Science and Technology, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(14), 5213; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145213
Submission received: 2 June 2020 / Revised: 13 July 2020 / Accepted: 15 July 2020 / Published: 19 July 2020
Browse Figures
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Abstract

:
In this study, the indoor air quality (IAQ) was investigated in a subway station with fully enclosed platform screen doors in Beijing, China. Eight indoor air pollutants, including PM2.5, PM10, SO2 (sulfur dioxide), NO2 (nitrogen dioxide), NH3 (ammonia), CO (carbon monoxide), CH2O (formaldehyde) and TVOC (total volatile organic compound), were measured for six consecutive days in October 2019. The results indicated that the IAQ in the subway station was basically stable at good levels for most times during the whole measurement period. All eight indoor air pollutants were far below their corresponding maximum allowable concentrations, except for the PM2.5 concentrations, which occasionally exceeded the concentration limits. The concentrations of indoor air pollutants in the subway station were basically within the corresponding standards. The correlation analyses showed that outdoor air pollutants have important influences on indoor air pollutants. The concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2 and CO in the subway station were positively correlated with their corresponding outdoor concentrations. PM10 was statistically significantly correlated with the passenger flow and train frequency, but the other air pollutants were less impacted by the passenger flow and train frequency.

1. Introduction

The subway system is convenient and efficient and plays an important role in relieving the burdens of superficial traffic congestion. Meanwhile, the electric power system has been adopted in the subway and has improved the air quality of the city [1,2,3]. However, the internal environment of a subway station platform is relatively confined, which can easily cause various types of trace air pollutants to accumulate, which will lead to potential health risks [4,5]. Epidemiological and toxicological studies show that the concentration of particulate matter, NO2 and SO2, can affect the cardiovascular, pulmonary functions and respiratory system [6,7,8]. Short-term exposure to PM2.5 increases the risk for hospital admission for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases [9]. Long term exposure to PM2.5 increases respiratory disease, chronic lung disease, and mortality [10]. Inhalable CH2O can exacerbate asthma symptoms and act as a human carcinogen [11,12]. Long-term exposure to TVOC can easily result in childhood leukemia [13]. CO is an inorganic compound that can bind with hemoglobin and reduce the oxygen carrying capacity of red blood cells. More than that, exposure to CO may result in vision loss and diabetes [14,15]. NH3 has toxic effects on the central nervous system of the human body, which can lead to behavioral disorders [16]. Consequently, it is of great significance to investigate the indoor air quality (IAQ) of subway stations, to reduce the potential health risks to commuters, via evaluating the concentrations of above-mentioned airborne pollutants.
In recent years, many previous researchers have investigated the IAQ of subway stations in many countries [17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36]. Song et al. [22] reported that the concentration ranges of PM10 and PM2.5 were 112–159 μg/m3 and 52–75 μg/m3, respectively, on a Beijing subway platform, and these concentrations were lower than the corresponding outdoor concentrations. Moreover, the authors indicated that the outdoor environment and the service time of the subway had significant effects on the concentrations of airborne particulate matter. The IAQ test results of Martins et al. [26] showed that the concentrations of airborne particulate matter on the platform were approximate 1.3–1.5 times higher than those in the outdoor environment at Barcelona subway station. They confirmed that the concentrations of airborne particulate matter on the platform were mainly correlated with seasonal differences, the design of the station and tunnels, the train frequency, the passenger flows and the change of ventilation system. Park et al. [21] tested Seoul, Korea subway stations, and showed that average concentrations of CH2O and TVOC were 15.4 μg/m3 and 156.5 μg/m3, respectively. Through correlation analysis and comparison, they indicated that CH2O and TVOC were weakly related to the depth of subway station and the season. Another study in Seoul, Korea subway station found that the NO2 concentrations were significantly lower than the outdoor concentrations. Although a correlation analysis confirmed that the NO2 concentration was related to passenger flow and construction year, these factors may not directly affect the NO2 concentration [18]. According to Moreno et al. [27], narrow platforms served by single-track tunnels were heavily dependent on the forced tunnel ventilation and cannot rely on the train piston effect alone to reduce platform PM concentrations. In contrast, PM levels in subway stations with spacious double-track tunnels were not greatly affected when the tunnel ventilation was switched off. Simultaneously, their test results for indoor and outdoor concentrations showed that the CO concentrations in the Barcelona metro were very low.
During the daily operation of trains, a certain amount of airborne particulate matter is generated from the friction between the railway and the wheel brake system [26]. In addition, the piston effect produced by the movement of the trains also brings outdoor pollutants into the platform, which affects the air quality of the subway platform [32]. In recent years, screen doors have been installed in many subway platforms. Fully enclosed platforms can separate the platform and the tunnel. This can isolate the heat dissipated by trains from the platform and improve the air quality inside the subway platform [37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45]. In this study, a total of eight indoor air pollutants were measured for six consecutive days and analyzed to evaluate the integrated indoor air quality level on a subway platform with fully enclosed platform screen doors. The research could provide a reference for the IAQ of a subway station and its influencing factors.

2. Method

2.1. Field Study

Eight air pollutants in a subway station platform were measured from 7:00 to 23:00 daily for 6 days, from 22 to 27, October 2019. CPR-KA, an integrated environmental monitor, was used to monitor airborne pollutant concentrations inside a subway station in Beijing, China. Its pump suction rate was 300 mL/min, and its sampling period was 2 min. The measurement range and precision of CRP-KA are shown in Table 1.
The measured subway station was a non-transfer station with fully enclosed platform screen doors. It is an underground station with two tracks in a single tunnel, which adopts a separated island platform design pattern with length and width of 120 m and 14 m, respectively (Figure 1a). The environmental monitor was located at a height of 1.2 m in the middle of the platform, as shown in Figure 1b. The design parameters of the heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system were as follows:
(1) The dry-bulb temperature was 28 °C and the range of relative humidity was 40–70% in the station platform for summer rated conditions.
(2) The total ventilation rate was 5.78 × 104 m3/h and the fresh air rate was 1.08 × 104 m3/h.
The passenger flow and arrival frequency of train were automatically recorded by the subway control centre. The daily outdoor air pollutant data, including PM2.5, PM10, CO, NO2, SO2 and the outdoor atmospheric environment quality index, were retrieved from the website http://beijingair.sinaapp.com/. The data sampling frequency was 1 h.

2.2. Data Analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 25.00 (Armonk, NY, USA: IBM Corp.) Spearman’s correlation analyses were used to examine the relationships between indoor air pollutants and their factors, including the corresponding outdoor concentrations, the train frequency, and the passenger flow. Differences were considered significant when p < 0.05 [46].
In addition, an integrated air quality index (AQI) [47] was adopted to evaluate the indoor air level in the subway station, as shown in Equation (1).
AQI = ( max ( c 1 c max 1 , c 2 c max 2 , … , c i c maxn ) ) 2 + ( 1 n ∑ i = 1 n c i c maxi ) 2 2
where ci is the concentration of the ith air pollutant, cmaxi is the maximum permission concentration of ci, and n is the number of measured air pollutants (here n = 8).
The integrated AQI can be classified into five levels in consideration of the risks to occupant health, as shown in Table 2 [47].
According to some indoor air quality standards [48,49,50,51], the maximum permissible concentrations of air pollutants are listed in Table 3.

3. Results

3.1. Passenger Flow and Train Frequency

The passenger flow and train frequency are shown in Figure 2. Day 1 to day 4 represent the weekdays of Tuesday to Friday, and day 5 to day 6 represent the weekend days of Saturday and Sunday. As shown in Figure 2, the train frequency and passenger flow on the weekdays were obviously higher than those on the weekends during the peak hours. The passenger flow peaks in the subway station were at 8:00–9:00 and 18:00–9:00 on weekdays. The average passenger number was 67,126 per hour. The passenger traffic was much busier during the morning peak. There was no clear difference in train frequency and passenger flow during the off-peak hours between weekdays and the weekend.

3.2. Air Pollutant Concentrations

Figure 3 and Table 4 illustrate the variations of indoor air pollutant concentrations in the subway station. The variations of indoor NH3 concentrations ranged from 0.012 mg/m3 to 0.014 mg/m3, as shown in Figure 3a. The indoor NH3 concentrations were basically stable at a low level, and did not exceed the maximum permissible concentration of 0.2 mg/m3. Figure 3b shows that the concentrations of indoor CH2O were from 0.008 mg/m3 to 0.079 mg/m3. Most of the concentrations were below 0.08 mg/m3 and did not exceed the maximum permissible concentration of 0.12 mg/m3. Figure 3c depicts the concentrations of indoor TVOC remaining in the range between 0.374 mg/m3 and 0.423 mg/m3. The TVOC concentrations kept quite consistent during the test period and did not exceed the maximum permissible concentration of 0.6 mg/m3.
The indoor NO2 concentrations changed notably with time from 0.006 mg/m3 to 0.127 mg/m3, as shown in Figure 3d, but they remained below the maximum permissible concentration of 0.24 mg/m3. The indoor NO2 concentrations increased markedly from 17:00 and reached their peaks at 20:00–21:00, except for on day 3.
In Figure 3e, the indoor SO2 concentrations fluctuated in the range between 0.001 mg/m3 to 0.007 mg/m3 and remained below the maximum permissible concentration of 0.5 mg/m3. The indoor SO2 concentrations rose from 11:00 to their peak values at approximately 16:00, and then decreased. The daily trends were similar throughout the whole test period.
Figure 3f shows that the variations of indoor CO concentrations were from 0.046 mg/m3 to 0.111 mg/m3. These were below the maximum permissible concentrations during the test period. From day 1 to day 3, the indoor CO concentrations fluctuated with time. However, the peak values appeared at different times. From day 4 to day 6, the indoor CO concentrations did not obviously fluctuate with time. Hence, the indoor CO concentrations were less impacted by the changes of train frequency and passenger flow.
The concentration ranges of indoor PM2.5 and PM10 were from 0.006 mg/m3 to 0.196 mg/m3 and from 0.008 mg/m3 to 0.237 mg/m3, respectively, as shown in Figure 3g,h. The indoor PM10 concentrations did not exceed the maximum permissible concentration of 0.25 mg/m3. The average indoor PM2.5 concentrations also remained below the maximum permissible concentration of 75 μg/m3, except for on day 2. Except for that on day 3, the peaks of indoor PM concentrations occurred between 19:00 and 21:00. Although their concentrations fluctuated with time, their change trends were different from the trends of passenger flow and train frequency.

3.3. AQI

Figure 4 shows variations of indoor AQI during the days of investigation. Most of the days, except for day 2, showed values below 0.5 and remained at a good level. The change range of AQI on day 2 was approximately 0.6–0.7. The AQI level during day 2 was at an acceptable level which was affected by the serious outdoor air pollution.

4. Discussion

4.1. Variations of Indoor Air Pollutants

The NH3 was mostly generated indoors, such as from the toilets on the platform [52]. The indoor NH3 has been well diluted by the HVAC system to maintain a low level far below the concentration limit. The indoor CH2O mainly accumulated from the emissions of building materials, furniture and various adhesive coatings [53]. The change of indoor CH2O concentrations could be related to indoor temperature. Higher indoor temperature can be helpful for the release of more CH2O from the building finishing materials [54]. This might explain the increase of CH2O concentrations which occurred at the morning or evening peaks. The TVOC concentrations remained stable during the test period, because the TVOC mostly came from the building material emissions [55]. In sum, the concentrations of NH3 and TVOC (including CH2O) were mostly generated indoors and kept relatively stable during the test period by the ventilation of the HVAC system.
Figure 5 shows the variations of outdoor air pollutant concentrations during the measurement. It can be seen that the daily variations of indoor NO2, SO2, CO, PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were quite consistent with the corresponding variations of outdoor concentrations. The indoor NO2, SO2 and CO mainly came from the exhaust of motor vehicles introduced through the HVAC system and subway entrances [56]. Similarly, a large portion of indoor PM10 and PM 2.5 came from the road re-suspension dust and vehicular emissions [57], which were also brought in by the ventilation of HVAC system or directly through the entrances. Meanwhile, most of vehicle exhausts were found to be composed of fine aerosol lower than 2.5 μm. Thus, the daily change trends of indoor PM2.5 and PM10 were well correlated (Figure 3g,h), which was consistent with the findings of Park et al. [58] Consequently, the indoor NO2, SO2, CO, PM2.5, PM10 concentrations basically fluctuated with their corresponding outdoor concentrations. Meanwhile, their indoor concentrations were basically lower than the outdoor concentrations due to the filtration and dilution by the ventilation of HVAC system.
In general, the peaks of indoor concentrations of these five pollutants mainly occurred during the morning or evening rush hours. Therefore, highly congested traffic situations during the peak hours may exacerbate the IAQ of subway station under the ground vehicle road. There were bus stops located next to the subway station entrance so that passengers connect conveniently, which could also contribute to the variations of the pollutants.

4.2. Comparison with Previous Studies

Table 5 shows the indoor air pollutant concentrations from other references. As shown in Table 5, the studies used for the comparison were mostly conducted in the summer and transitional season, with HVAC systems in operation. In our study, the measurement campaign was performed in late October (transitional season), when the weather in Beijing was mild, but the HVAC system of the subway station was still operating in cooling mode due to the high passenger flow. The average passenger numbers given in the few studies were also comparable to the average passenger flow of the subway station investigated in our study. Most of the previous studies shown in Table 5 have investigated multiple subway stations, but the stations size and ventilation system parameters could not be compared, due to a lack of relevant information in these studies.
The average indoor NH3 concentration of 0.012 mg/m3 in our study was relatively low, compared with the NH3 concentration given in the references [59]. The average indoor CH2O and TVOC concentrations were 0.035 mg/m3 and 0.405 mg/m3, which were much higher than the concentrations on the Seoul subway platforms [21] and the Taipei subway platform [60]. They also indicated that the indoor TVOC (including CH2O) concentrations had no correlation with the number of passengers, but had a weak correlation with the depth of the platform. This support our findings that the indoor TVOC (including CH2O) concentrations could be primarily attributed to the emissions of interior building materials. The higher TVOC concentrations measured in our study were probably caused by the emissions of detrimental decoration materials.
The average NO2 concentration in our study was slightly lower than the average concentration on the Seoul subway platforms [18]. The I/O ratios of NO2 in our study were also quite similar to the I/O ratios of 0.59–0.74, as indicated in the reference [18]. The higher outdoor concentrations of NO2 could be attributed to the diesel exhaust fumes from motor vehicles on the roads in urban areas.
The average SO2 concentration in our study was 0.003 mg/m3, which was much lower than the concentrations reported in the Guangzhou subway stations [61]. The average indoor CO concentration of 0.059 mg/m3 was much lower the average concentration reported in the Taipei subway stations [60], but quite comparable with the average concentration in the Nanjing subway stations [62]. There was no indoor source for CO and SO2 in the subway station, therefore the indoor CO and SO2 basically came from the contaminated ambient air being brought down from street level. The relatively low indoor CO and SO2 concentrations in the Beijing subway station indicated a good ventilation performance by the HVAC system.
The average PM10 concentration of 0.061 mg/m3 was lower than the concentrations reported in the subway stations in Taipei [60], Nanjing [62] and Seoul [63]. The average PM2.5 concentration was 0.048 mg/m3, which was also lower than the concentrations reported in the references [60] and [58]. The lower PM concentrations observed in our study could be attributed to both the platform screen doors and the good ventilation performance of the HVAC system. There is a certain amount of PM generated from the train operation [26]. Several researchers have indicated that the fully enclosed platform screen doors could help prevent the PM generated by the train operation from entering the platform [26,41]. In addition, the screen doors could also prevent a portion of outdoor air pollutants from entering the platform through the piston wind in the tunnel [42]. Nevertheless, the indoor space of the station would be decreased by installing the fully enclosed screen doors, which might result in a slight increase of other indoor air pollutant concentrations.
It is worth noting that the majority of indoor PM was still introduced from outdoors through the HVAC system and station entrances, which could not be prevented by screen doors. As shown in Table 5, high PM10 concentrations were observed in the Nanjing subway stations [62], which could be attributed to the ventilation method they used in the transitional season. During the time of sampling, they used natural ventilation systems instead of HVAC systems, which no doubt fully reduced both the ventilation rates and filtration efficiency. Similarly, the high PM10 concentrations reported in the Seoul subway stations were also caused by insufficient air circulation and improper ventilation [56]. In their study, the PM10 concentrations on platforms were even obviously higher than those outdoors, because the ventilation was insufficient to remove the accumulated particles brought in from outdoors. Therefore, the proper operation of the HVAC system was also crucial to control the concentrations of indoor PM and other pollutants to maintain them at acceptable levels.

4.3. I/O Ratios

Figure 6 shows the indoor and outdoor (I/O) ratios of PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2 and CO concentrations. The indoor PM concentrations in the subway station fluctuated with the variations of the corresponding outdoor concentrations, as shown in Figure 6a,b. It was reported that some particles would be generated in the subway, due to the friction between the track and the wheel [26]. In addition, when the passenger flows were large, the airborne particulate matter from the floor would be re-suspended, due to the passenger movement around the subway platform [58]. Hence, increased passenger flow may cause an increase in the particle concentration in the subway platform. The I/O ratios of PM2.5 and PM10 were within the ranges of 0.77–2.34 and 0.57–1.58, respectively. During most of that time, the indoor PM concentrations were smaller than the outdoor concentrations, which indicated that the fully enclosed platform screen doors could prevent the generation of pollutants from the train running [64]. Thus, the PM in the subway station mainly came from the outdoor environment through the HVAC system and the entrances. On days 3 and 4, the indoor PM concentrations were higher than the outdoor concentrations, which might have been affected by the concentrations of the previous day. The air conditioning system was switched off after the last train every day, possibly resulting in the accumulation of indoor air pollutants on the platform. Therefore, the average indoor air pollutants’ concentrations could be affected by the high concentration in the previous day, such as the day 2 in this study.
SO2 is the combustion product of coal or oil, and is mainly associated with industrial sources [65]. There was no SO2 production source in the subway station. Indoor SO2 was mainly affected by the outdoor SO2 through the ventilation. As shown in Figure 6c, the indoor SO2 concentrations were mainly consistent with the outdoor SO2 concentration. The I/O ratios of SO2 were in the range between 0.44 to 2.15. Similar to the indoor PM concentrations, the indoor SO2 concentrations were also higher than the outdoor concentrations on days 3 and 4.
The indoor NO2 concentrations were lower than the outdoor NO2 concentrations, and the I/O ratios were from 0.45 to 0.81, as shown in Figure 6d. It is generally believed that the NO2 is mainly caused by the emission of outdoor road diesel vehicles [66]. The indoor NO2 concentrations were influenced by the outdoor NO2 concentrations.
The indoor CO concentrations were much lower than the outdoor CO concentrations, and the I/O ratios were from 0.06 to 0.12, as shown in Figure 6e. CO is produced by incomplete combustion. The indoor CO concentrations are at relatively low levels, because there is no chemical combustion or smoking in the subway station. Hence, the indoor CO might come from the traffic-contaminated air from outdoors [29].

4.4. Influencing Factors

Table 6 lists the correlation analysis between indoor air pollutants and their influencing factors, including the corresponding outdoor concentrations, train frequency and passenger flow. Furthermore, the correlations between the indoor AQI and the outdoor atmospheric environment quality index, train frequency and passenger flow were also analyzed.
The results showed that the indoor PM10 concentrations were statistically significantly correlated with the outdoor PM10 concentration (r = 0.858, p< 0.01), the passenger flow (r = 0.201, p < 0.05) and the train frequency (r = 0.209, p < 0.05). Other air pollutant concentrations were strongly correlated with their corresponding outdoor concentrations, but less impacted by the passenger flows and train frequency. The AQI also had a significant correlation with the outdoor atmospheric environment quality index (r = 0.649, p < 0.01). Hence, the outdoor air pollutants had significant contributions to the indoor concentrations through the HVAC system. The variations of indoor concentrations of SO2, CO, NO2, PM10 and PM2.5 were most likely related to their corresponding outdoor concentrations.
According to the correlation analysis, the indoor PM2.5 concentrations and gaseous pollutants were only correlated to the outdoor environment. In contrast, the indoor PM10 concentrations were not only affected by the outdoor environment, but also related to the passenger flow and the train frequency. Martins et al. [26] indicated that the PM2.5 concentrations in subway platforms with screen doors were lower than those in open subway stations. Therefore, the fully enclosed platform screen doors can better prevent the fine particles produced by the trains from moving to the platform.

5. Conclusions

In this study, eight airborne pollutants in a subway station with fully enclosed screen doors were consecutively measured for six days in Beijing, China. The IAQ performance of the station has been evaluated comprehensively, and compared with previous studies. The potential influencing factors of IAQ were also discussed. Future studies were recommended to investigate more subway stations with different station sizes, passenger flows, platform types and ventilation systems, meanwhile covering more outdoor climate conditions. The main conclusions of this study are summarized as follows:
(1) The concentrations of indoor air pollutants on the subway platform were basically within the corresponding standards. The AQI were at good and acceptable levels during the whole measurement.
(2) The concentrations of NH3 and TVOC (including CH2O) were kept relatively stable during the test period, because they were mostly generated from indoor emission sources and were well diluted by the ventilation of HVAC system.
(3) The concentrations of indoor PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2 and CO were positively correlated with their corresponding outdoor concentrations. The daily variations of these indoor air pollutant concentrations were also influenced by the corresponding variations of outdoor concentrations to a large extent. The indoor concentrations were generally lower than the outdoor concentrations, due to the filtration and dilution by the HVAC system.
(4) Except for the indoor PM10, the other indoor pollutants and the overall air quality had no statistically significant correlation with the passenger flow and the train frequency. Therefore, the fully enclosed platform screen doors can effectively prevent the fine particles produced by the train operation from moving into the platform area. However, it is worth noting that the indoor pollutants were still mostly introduced from outdoors through the HVAC system and subway entrances, as indicated by the correlation analyses, which could not be prevented by screen doors. The proper operation of HVAC system was also crucial to control the indoor pollutant concentrations at acceptable levels.

Author Contributions

L.P. led the data analysis and drafted the manuscript. C.Y., X.C., Q.T. and B.L. participated in the study design and field study. C.Y. and X.C. participated in interpretation of the data and assisted in the drafting of the manuscript. They conceived the study and contributed a lot to improve the manuscript quality. All authors contributed to, read and approved the final manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Liao Ning Revitalization Talents Program (XLYC1802092) and the Youth top-notch talent support program of Beihang University (YWF-20-BJ-J-1008).

Acknowledgments

We thank the anonymous peer-reviewers for their excellent comments that have enhanced the manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Ijerph 17 05213 g001 550
Figure 1. Measured position and platform. (a) Measured position on platform, (b) Platform with full-height screen doors.
Figure 1. Measured position and platform. (a) Measured position on platform, (b) Platform with full-height screen doors.
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Figure 2. Variations of daily train frequency and passenger flow. (a) Train frequency. (b) Passenger flow.
Figure 2. Variations of daily train frequency and passenger flow. (a) Train frequency. (b) Passenger flow.
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Ijerph 17 05213 g003a 550Ijerph 17 05213 g003b 550
Figure 3. Variations of indoor air pollutant concentrations in the subway station. (a) NH3, (b) CH2O, (c) TVOC, (d) NO2, (e) SO2, (f) CO, (g) PM2.5, (h) PM10.
Figure 3. Variations of indoor air pollutant concentrations in the subway station. (a) NH3, (b) CH2O, (c) TVOC, (d) NO2, (e) SO2, (f) CO, (g) PM2.5, (h) PM10.
Ijerph 17 05213 g003aIjerph 17 05213 g003b
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Figure 4. Variations of indoor AQI in the subway station.
Figure 4. Variations of indoor AQI in the subway station.
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Figure 5. Variations of outdoor air pollutant concentrations during the measurement. (a) NO2, (b) SO2, (c) CO, (d) PM2.5, (e) PM10.
Figure 5. Variations of outdoor air pollutant concentrations during the measurement. (a) NO2, (b) SO2, (c) CO, (d) PM2.5, (e) PM10.
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Figure 6. Comparison between the indoor and outdoor air pollutant concentrations. (a) PM2.5, (b) PM10, (c) SO2, (d) NO2, (e) CO.
Figure 6. Comparison between the indoor and outdoor air pollutant concentrations. (a) PM2.5, (b) PM10, (c) SO2, (d) NO2, (e) CO.
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Table
Table 1. Measurement range and precision of CPR-KA.
Table 1. Measurement range and precision of CPR-KA.
Indoor Air PollutantsMeasurement RangePrecision
NH30–30 ppm1 ppb
TVOC0–10 ppm1 ppb
CO0–50 ppm1 ppb
CH2O0–10 ppm1 ppb
NO20–2 ppm0.1 ppb
SO20–2 ppm0.1 ppb
PM100–0.5 mg/m30.001 mg/m3
PM2.50–0.5 mg/m30.001 mg/m3
Table
Table 2. Classification standard of integrated article air quality index (AQI).
Table 2. Classification standard of integrated article air quality index (AQI).
Integrated AQIAir LevelImplication
0–0.5GoodAir quality is satisfactory.
0.5–1.0AcceptableAir quality is acceptable. There may be some risks for unusually sensitive groups.
1.0–1.5SlightOne air pollutant exceeds its limit value. There are potential health risks for the susceptive groups.
1.5–2.0ModerateTwo or three air pollutants exceed their limit values. There are health risks.
>2.0HeavyMore than three air pollutants exceed their limit values.
There are serious health risks.
Table
Table 3. Maximum permissible concentrations of indoor air pollutants.
Table 3. Maximum permissible concentrations of indoor air pollutants.
Air PollutantsConcentration LimitReferencesTime-Average
CO10 mg/m3[48,49,50]1 h average
CH2O0.12 mg/m3[48]n/a
TVOC0.6 mg/m3[50]8 h average
SO20.5 mg/m3[50]1 h average
NH30.2 mg/m3[50]1 h average
NO20.24 mg/m3[50]1 h average
PM100.25 mg/m3[48,49]n/a
PM2.575 μg/m3[51]24 h average
Table
Table 4. Indoor air pollutant concentrations in the subway station.
Table 4. Indoor air pollutant concentrations in the subway station.
PollutantsMin (Mg/M3)Max (Mg/M3)Mean ± SD (Mg/M3)Maximum Permissible Concentration (Mg/M3)
NH30.0120.0140.012 ± 0.00040.200
CH2O0.0080.0790.035 ± 0.01610.120
TVOC0.3740.4230.405 ± 0.00920.600
NO20.0060.1270.034 ± 0.0260.240
SO20.0010.0070.003 ± 0.00120.500
CO0.0460.1110.059 ± 0.014410.000
PM100.0080.2370.061 ± 0.0440.250
PM2.50.0060.1960.048 ± 0.0360.075
Table
Table 5. Indoor air pollutants concentrations measured in subway stations in previous studies.
Table 5. Indoor air pollutants concentrations measured in subway stations in previous studies.
PollutantAverage ConcentrationCityReferencePlatform TypeSeasonAverage Passenger Per Hour
NH3119.63 ± 3.06 µg/m3Kunming[59]Fully enclosed platformn/an/a
CH2O15.4 ± 7.2 µg/m3Seoul[21]Fully enclosed platformSummer45,115
CH2O0.017 ± 0.016 mg/m3Taipei[60]Both fully and semi enclosed platformsSummern/a
TVOC0.064 ± 0.035 ppmTaipei[60]Both fully and semi enclosed platformsSummern/a
TVOC156.5 ± 78.2 µg/m3Seoul[21]Fully enclosed platformSummer45,115
NO20.053 ± 0.008 mg/m3Seoul[18]Fully enclosed platformSummer37,908
SO20.13 ± 0.01 mg/m3Guangzhou[61]Fully enclosed platformSummern/a
CO2.825 ± 0.69 mg/m3Taipei[60]Both fully and semi enclosed platformsSummern/a
CO0.3 ± 0.2 mg/m3Nanjing[62]Fully enclosed platformTransitional seasonn/a
PM100.185 ± 0.128 mg/m3Nanjing[62]Fully enclosed platformTransitional seasonn/a
PM1090.7 ± 9.9 µg/m3Seoul[63]Fully enclosed platformSummer57,251
PM1080.9 ± 34.9 µg/m3Taipei[60]Both fully and semi enclosed platformsSummern/a
PM2.5105.4 ± 14.4 µg/m3Seoul[58]n/aWintern/a
PM2.556.2 ± 33.1 µg/m3Taipei[60]Both fully and semi enclosed platformsSummern/a
Table
Table 6. Correlation coefficients between indoor pollutants and influencing factors.
Table 6. Correlation coefficients between indoor pollutants and influencing factors.
FactorsIndoor Air Pollutants and AQI
PM2.5PM10SO2NO2CONH3TVOCCH2OAQI
Corresponding outdoor values0.951 **0.858 **0.732 **0.868 **0.915 **n/an/an/a0.649 **
Passenger flows0.1900.201 *–0.1290.1250.1490.128−0.0120.1840.164
Train frequency0.1980.209 *−0.1360.1430.1700.098−0.0680.1990.164
** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05.

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Pang, L.; Yang, C.; Cao, X.; Tian, Q.; Li, B. Experimental Investigation of Air Quality in a Subway Station with Fully Enclosed Platform Screen Doors. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5213. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145213

AMA Style

Pang L, Yang C, Cao X, Tian Q, Li B. Experimental Investigation of Air Quality in a Subway Station with Fully Enclosed Platform Screen Doors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(14):5213. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145213

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pang, Liping, Chenyuan Yang, Xiaodong Cao, Qing Tian, and Bo Li. 2020. "Experimental Investigation of Air Quality in a Subway Station with Fully Enclosed Platform Screen Doors" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14: 5213. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145213

APA Style

Pang, L., Yang, C., Cao, X., Tian, Q., & Li, B. (2020). Experimental Investigation of Air Quality in a Subway Station with Fully Enclosed Platform Screen Doors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(14), 5213. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145213

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