Symptoms in Health Care Workers during the COVID-19 Epidemic. A Cross-Sectional Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Population
2.2. Questionnaire
2.3. Statistics
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Positive n (%) | Exposed n (%) | Control n (%) | Chi Square Test for Groups p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Groups | 82 (13.8) | 152 (25.5) | 361 (60.7) | |
Gender, female | 56 (68.3) | 104 (68.4) | 257 (71.2) | n.s. |
Family, single | 64 (78.0) | 116 (76.3) | 273 (75.6) | n.s. |
With Children | 40 (48.8) | 71 (46.7) | 199 (55.1) | n.s. |
With Parents/Relatives | 62 (75.6) | 131 (86.2) | 294 (81.4) | n.s. |
With Help | 69 (84.1) | 117 (77.0) | 281 (77.8) | n.s. |
Variable | Positive n (%) | Exposed n (%) | Control n (%) | Chi Square Test for Groups p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Job category | <0.001 | |||
Physician | 11 (13.4) | 39 (25.7) | 86 (23.8) | |
Nurse | 58 (70.7) | 84 (55.3) | 155 (42.9) | |
Technician | 7 (8.5) | 14 (9.2) | 43 (11.9) | |
Clerk | 2 (2.4) | 7 (4.6) | 47 (13.0) | |
Other | 4 (4.9) | 8 (5.3) | 30 (8.3) | |
Age class (years) | 0.012 | |||
<35 | 12 (14.6) | 16 (10.5) | 36 (10.0) | |
36–45 | 17 (20.7) | 40 (26.3) | 61 (16.9) | |
46–55 | 38 (46.3) | 60 (39.5) | 137 (38.0) | |
>55 | 15 (18.3) | 36 (23.7) | 127 (35.2) |
Symptom | Positive n (%) | Exposed n (%) | Control n (%) | Chi Square Test for Groups p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fever | 23 (28.0) | 7 (4.6) | 6 (1.7) | <0.001 |
Breathlessness | 26 (31.7) | 9 (5.9) | 10 (2.8) | <0.001 |
Cough | 26 (31.7) | 16 (10.5) | 15 (4.2) | <0.001 |
Expectorate | 7 (8.5) | 5 (3.3) | 5 (1.4) | <0.002 |
Sore throat | 20 (24.4) | 20 (13.2) | 14 (3.9) | <0.001 |
Anosmia | 35 (42.7) | 1 (0.7) | 3 (0.8) | <0.001 |
Dysgeusia | 31 (37.8) | 5 (3.3) | 4 (1.1) | <0.001 |
Nasal congestion | 24 (29.3) | 12 (7.9) | 16 (4.4) | <0.001 |
Eye irritation | 13 (15.9) | 14 (9.2) | 22 (6.1) | <0.013 |
Exhaustion | 39 (47,6) | 31 (20.4) | 21 (5.8) | <0.001 |
Muscle pain | 43 (52.4) | 22 (14.5) | 23 (6.4) | <0.001 |
Diarrhoea | 20 (24.4) | 13 (8.6) | 15 (4.2) | <0.001 |
Nausea | 7 (8.5) | 3 (2.0) | 5 (1.4) | <0.001 |
No symptom | 24 (29.3) | 100 (65.8) | 299 (82.8) | <0.001 |
Distressed | 24 (29.3) | 47 (30.9) | 109 (30.2) | n.s. |
Anxious | 29 (35.4) | 29 (19.1) | 41 (11.4) | <0.001 |
Depressed | 30 (36.9) | 40 (26.3) | 51 (14.1) | <0.001 |
Symptom | Positive OR (95%CI) | Exposed OR (95%CI) | Control OR (95%CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Fever | 23.065 (9.012–59.033) *** | 2.856 (0.944- 8.645) | 1 |
Breathlessness | 16.296 (7.456–35.619) *** | 2.209 (0.879–5.550) | 1 |
Cough | 10.710 (5.343–21.467) *** | 2.714 (1.305–5.641) ** | 1 |
Expectorate | 6.645 (2.054–21.504) ** | 2.422 (0.691–8.490) | 1 |
Sore throat | 7.995 (3.836–16.666) *** | 3.755 (1.843–7.652) *** | 1 |
Anosmia | 88.865 (26.297–300.301) *** | 0.790 (0.082–7.658) | 1 |
Dysgeusia | 54.250 (18.389–160.042) *** | 3.036 (0.804–11.464) | 1 |
Nasal congestion | 8.922 (4.471–17.807) *** | 1.848 (0.852–4.007) | 1 |
Eye irritation | 2.903 (1.395–6.042) ** | 1.563 (0.777–3.144) | 1 |
Exhaustion | 14.684 (7.914–27.246) *** | 4.148 (2.296–7.494) *** | 1 |
Muscle pain | 16.203 (8.847–29.676) *** | 2.487 (1.340–4.616) ** | 1 |
Diarrhoea | 7.441 (3.615–15.317) *** | 2.157 (1.001–4.652) * | 1 |
Nausea | 6.645 (2.054–21.504) ** | 1.434 (0.338–6.075) | 1 |
No symptom | 0.086 (0.050–0.149) *** | 0.399 (0.259–0.615) *** | 1 |
Distressed | 0.957 (0.565–1.619) | 1.035 (0.686–1.561) | 1 |
Anxious | 4.271 (2.446–7.457) *** | 1.840 (1.095–3.092) * | 1 |
Depressed | 3.507 (2.047–6.007) *** | 2.171 (1.361–3.463) ** | 1 |
Symptom | Model I OR (95%CI) | Model II OR (95%CI) | Model III OR (95%CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Fever | 24.265 (9.296–63.338) *** | 21.599 (8.215–56.793) *** | 20.270 (7.688–53.442) *** |
Breathlessness | 17.503 (7.846–39.047) *** | 15.746 (7.005–35.393) *** | 14.931 (6.621–33.668) *** |
Cough | 10.974 (5.379–22. 386) *** | 9.839 (4.767–20.307) *** | 9.046 (4.359–18.773) *** |
Expectorate | 7.614 (2.178–26.615) *** | 6.653 (1.881–23.526) ** | 6.364 (1.795–22.565) ** |
Sore throat | 8.684 (4.064–18.557) *** | 8.007 (3.717–17.248) *** | 7.536 (3.485–16.296) *** |
Anosmia | 117.362 (31.583–436.122) *** | 102.991 (27.676–383.267) *** | 100.727 (26.520–382.578) *** |
Dysgeusia | 62.763 (20.247–194.557) *** | 58.098 (18.580–181.665) *** | 51.813 (16.573–161.980) *** |
Nasal congestion | 9.246 (4.549–18.792) *** | 7.997 (3.879–16.485) *** | 7.565 (3.651–15.675) *** |
Eye irritation | 3.884 (1.780–8.475) ** | 3.293 (1.488–7.289) ** | 3.087 (1.383–6.891) ** |
Exhaustion | 18.121 (9.403–34.920) *** | 16.414 (8.461–31.845) *** | 16.111 (8.128–31.937) *** |
Muscle pain | 20.100 (10.498–38.486) *** | 18.321 (9.487–35.383) *** | 18.310 (9.221–36.360) *** |
Diarrhoea | 7.616 (3.641–15.933) *** | 6.517 (3.080–13.788) *** | 5.799 (2.718–12.374) *** |
Nausea | 6.267 (1.881–20.880) ** | 5.457 (1.611–18.491) ** | 5.129 (1.507–17.464) ** |
Anxious | 4.395 (2.479–7.792) *** | 3.715 (2.021–6.827) *** | 3.704 (1.854–7.401) *** |
Depressed | 3.849 (2.208–6.707) *** | 3.284 (1.811–5.957) *** | 3.175 (1.596–6.315) *** |
Variable | Anxiety Standardized Beta | p | Depression Standardized Beta | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Group * | −0.130 | 0.000 | −0.138 | 0.000 |
Gender (female) | 0.123 | 0.000 | 0.074 | 0.019 |
Age | - | - | - | - |
Family | - | - | - | - |
Children | - | - | - | - |
Parents | - | - | - | - |
Helping people | - | - | - | - |
Effort | 0.154 | 0.000 | 0.155 | 0.000 |
Reward | - | - | −0.111 | 0.002 |
Justice | −0.129 | 0.000 | −0.070 | 0.047 |
Sleep quality | −0.531 | 0.000 | −0.496 | 0.000 |
Coefficient of determination R2 | 0.458 | 0.430 |
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Magnavita, N.; Tripepi, G.; Di Prinzio, R.R. Symptoms in Health Care Workers during the COVID-19 Epidemic. A Cross-Sectional Survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5218. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145218
Magnavita N, Tripepi G, Di Prinzio RR. Symptoms in Health Care Workers during the COVID-19 Epidemic. A Cross-Sectional Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(14):5218. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145218
Chicago/Turabian StyleMagnavita, Nicola, Giovanni Tripepi, and Reparata Rosa Di Prinzio. 2020. "Symptoms in Health Care Workers during the COVID-19 Epidemic. A Cross-Sectional Survey" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14: 5218. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145218