Effect of HNO3 and H2SO4 on the Paddy Ecosystem: A Mesocosm Study with Exposure at PNEC and HC50 Levels
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Mesocosm Setting
2.2. Test Chemicals
2.3. Assessment of Impact on the Paddy Ecosystem
2.3.1. Short-Term Assessment at the 4th Week
2.3.2. Long-Term Assessment at the 20th Week
2.4. Paddy Soil Analysis at the 4th Week
2.5. Statistical Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Acidity of Paddy Soils
3.2. Chlorophyll Content of Rice Leaves
3.3. Short-Term Impact Assessment
3.3.1. Growth of O. Sativa by the 4th Week
3.3.2. Growth of P. Canaliculata
3.3.3. Population of T. Tubifex
3.4. Chemical Properties of Paddy Soil in the 4th Week
3.5. Long-Term Impact Assessment
3.5.1. Growth and Yield of O. Sativa at the 20th Week
3.5.2. Fatality of P. Canaliculata and T. Tubifex
3.6. Statistical Analysis
3.6.1. Pearson Correlation
Correlation between Rice Productivity and Soil Properties at the 4th Week
Correlation between Rice Productivity and Chlorophyll Content as a Function of Time
3.6.2. Causative Relationship between Latent Variables
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Endpoint | Control | Treatment | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HNO3 | H2SO4 | |||||
PNEC 2 | HC50 3 | PNEC 2 | HC50 3 | |||
Rice (O. sativa) | Chlorophyll content | 33.9 ± 3.76 a | 35.4 ± 2.58 a | 40.9 ± 0.89 b | 35.2 ± 1.01 a | 36.0 ± 1.40 a |
Fresh weight of shoot (g) | 1.90 ± 0.55 a | 1.89 ± 0.60 a | 1.13 ± 0.62 ab | 1.63 ± 0.36 a | 0.32 ± 0.16 b | |
Plant height (cm) | 38.0 ± 2.91 a | 33.7 ± 5.15 a | 32.6 ± 3.73 ab | 36.0 ± 0.84 a | 26.5 ± 3.21 b | |
Feeding damage (%) | 11.3 ± 5.17 a | 10.9 ± 2.56 a | 7.93 ± 3.63 ab | 13.0 ± 2.91 a | 2.56 ± 4.44 b | |
Wilting damage (%) | 0 a | 16.1 ± 5.31 bc | 31.1 ± 11.6 d | 12.1 ± 3.02 b | 25.8 ± 5.42 cd | |
Golden apple snail (P. canaliculata) | Survival rate (%) | 100 a | 100 a | 0 b | 100 a | 0 b |
Shell length (mm) | 26.9 ± 1.79 a | 26.3 ± 1.07 a | ND 4 | 24.9 ± 1.37 b | ND | |
Weight (mg) | 5.84 ± 1.09 a | 5.31 ± 0.82 a | ND | 4.33 ± 0.72 b | ND | |
Sludge worm (T. tubifex) | Number of adults | 9.56 ± 0.53 a | 6.67 ± 5.00 b | 0 c | 5.11 ± 4.23 b | 0 c |
Number of juveniles | 20.8 ± 29.0 a | 3.56 ± 6.31 b | 0 b | 3.33 ± 5.00 b | 0 b |
Type | Endpoint | Control | Treatment | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HNO3 | H2SO4 | |||||
PNEC 2 | HC50 3 | PNEC 2 | HC50 3 | |||
Plant growth | Chlorophyll content | 12.3 ± 2.17 a | 11.3 ± 1.20 a | 17.3 ± 4.28 ab | 12.6 ± 2.25 a | 23.5 ± 5.87 b |
Fresh weight (g) | 29.5 ± 6.46 a | 28.4 ± 12.0 a | 36.8 ± 12.4 a | 23.5 ± 6.22 a | 33.7 ± 15.4 a | |
Plant height (cm) | 83.6 ± 4.79 a | 88.4 ± 4.74 a | 88.7 ± 10.2 a | 86.3 ± 5.51 a | 88.4 ± 6.15 a | |
Grain yield | Panicle number | 21.9 ± 5.75 a | 23.5 ± 6.62 a | 32.4 ± 8.24 a | 20.2 ± 4.22 a | 27.5 ± 8.77 a |
Grain number | 11,046 ± 2539 a | 11,937 ± 1396 a | 19,178 ± 4644 b | 10,532 ± 973 a | 15,110 ± 277 ab | |
Whole grain weight (g) | 301 ± 63.3 ab | 316 ± 29.5 ab | 443 ± 92.6 c | 281 ± 21.4 a | 390 ± 8.49 bc | |
Grain quality | 1000-grain weight (g) | 22.7 ± 0.18 a | 22.7 ± 0.70 a | 19.8 ± 1.21 b | 22.4 ± 0.56 a | 22.1 ± 0.08 a |
Filled grain (%) | 94.7 ± 2.08 a | 93.8 ± 1.63 a | 74.3 ± 6.71 ab | 93.0 ± 3.17 a | 57.1 ± 38.0 b |
Endpoint | Plant Growth | Grain Yield | Grain Quality | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soil Property | Chlorophyll | Shoot Height | Fresh Weight | Panicle Number | Grain Number | Whole Grain Weight | 1000-Grain Weight | Filled Grain Percentage | |
pH | −0.69 ** | −0.41 | −0.59 * | −0.67 ** | −0.74 ** | −0.75 ** | 0.62 * | 0.67 ** | |
NH4+ | 0.65 * | 0.57 * | 0.64 * | 0.63 * | 0.68 ** | 0.70 ** | −0.51 | −0.65 * | |
NO3− | 0.15 | 0.39 | 0.52 | 0.70 ** | 0.73 ** | 0.68 ** | −0.81 *** | −0.29 |
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Park, M.; Hwang, W.; Son, J.; Wee, J.; Cho, K.; Hyun, S. Effect of HNO3 and H2SO4 on the Paddy Ecosystem: A Mesocosm Study with Exposure at PNEC and HC50 Levels. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5244. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145244
Park M, Hwang W, Son J, Wee J, Cho K, Hyun S. Effect of HNO3 and H2SO4 on the Paddy Ecosystem: A Mesocosm Study with Exposure at PNEC and HC50 Levels. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(14):5244. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145244
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Minseok, Wonjae Hwang, Jino Son, June Wee, Kijong Cho, and Seunghun Hyun. 2020. "Effect of HNO3 and H2SO4 on the Paddy Ecosystem: A Mesocosm Study with Exposure at PNEC and HC50 Levels" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14: 5244. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145244