Association between Walking Pace and Diabetes: Findings from the Chilean National Health Survey 2016–2017
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Walking Pace
2.3. Diabetes Mellitus
2.4. Sociodemographics, Health, and Lifestyle
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Walking Pace and Diabetes Biomarkers
4.2. What Was Already Known About This Subject?
4.3. How Does This Study Contribute to Science?
4.4. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Slow Pace | Average Pace | Brisk Pace |
---|---|---|---|
n (%) | 1371 (22.2) | 3429 (55.5) | 1383 (22.4) |
Sociodemographic | |||
Age (years) * | 55.7 (53.6; 57.8) | 41.0 (40.0; 42.0) | 39.1 (37.7; 40.5) |
Sex, % | |||
Women | 60.8 (55.7; 65.7) | 47.4 (44.2; 50.5) | 51.1 (46.3; 55.9) |
Men | 39.2 (34.2; 44.2) | 52.6 (49.4; 55.7) | 48.9 (44.1; 53.7) |
Place of residence, % | |||
Urban | 84.7 (81.6; 87.3) | 88.7 (87.1; 90.2) | 92.5 (90.5; 94.1) |
Rural | 15.3 (12.6; 18.3) | 11.3 (9.8; 12.8) | 7.5 (5.8; 9.5) |
Educational Level, % | |||
≤8 years | 36.8 (32.4; 41.4) | 13.0 (11.1; 15.0) | 9.6 (7.3; 12.6) |
9–12 years | 48.0 (43.0; 53.1) | 59.0 (55.8; 62.2) | 55.2 (50.3; 59.9) |
>12 years | 15.2 (11.6; 19.6) | 28.0 (50.3; 59.6) | 35.2 (30.7; 40.1) |
Lifestyle | |||
Smoking, % | |||
Regular smoker | 18.7 (14.9; 23.2) | 26.3 (23.5; 29.4) | 24.1 (20.2; 28.5) |
Occasional smoker | 6.4 (4.1; 9.7) | 9.3 (7.5; 11.5) | 7.8 (5.6; 10.7) |
Ex-smoker | 27.3 (23.4; 31.6) | 24.7 (21.9; 27.6) | 26.5 (22.4; 31.0) |
Non-smoking | 47.6 (42.5; 52.6) | 39.7 (36.7; 42.7) | 41.6 (37.0; 46.3) |
Alcohol use, % | |||
High consumption (AUDIT) | 4.3 (1.8; 10.2) | 5.0 (4.0; 7.3) | 6.1 (3.7; 9.8) |
F&V intake, % | |||
Eats less than 5 F&V | 87.7 (84.2; 90.5) | 86.2 (83.6; 88.5) | 81.5 (77.4; 85.0) |
Salt intake (g/day) * | 9.5 (9.2; 9.8) | 9.1 (8.9; 9.2) | 8.9 (8.6; 9.2) |
Sleep hours, % | |||
7–8 h | 45.2 (40.4; 50.3) | 54.2 (50.6; 57.3) | 52.5 (47.8; 57.3) |
≥9 h | 25.9 (21.6; 30.6) | 25.6 (23.0; 28.5) | 23.4 (19.7; 27.6) |
≤6 h | 28.9 (24.4; 33.8) | 20.2 (17.7; 23.0) | 24.1 (20.2; 28.4) |
Physical Activity | |||
Total PA (MET/min/day) * | 771.1 (633.1; 909.1) | 1200.0 (1100.5; 1301.2) | 1412.9 (1232.4; 1591.5) |
Transport PA (min/day) * | 46.6 (32.8; 60.4) | 72.5 (64.2; 80.7) | 78.5 (65.8; 91.1) |
Sedentary Time (min/day) * | 214.4 (196.9; 231.8) | 198.8 (187.6; 210.1) | 208.0 (190.3; 225.6) |
Moderate PA (min/day) * | 192.5 (162.7; 222.2) | 231.0 (211.1; 250.9) | 235.1 (202.9; 267.3) |
Vigorous PA (min/day) * | 261.9 (211.9; 311.8) | 202.1 (181.2; 223.0) | 220.8 (186.1; 255.5) |
Physical Inactivity, % | 38.8 (34.1; 43.6) | 23.9 (21.3; 26.7) | 18.9 (15.5; 22.8) |
Adiposity | |||
Body weight (kg) * | 76.3 (74.6; 78.1) | 75.7 (74.7; 76.7) | 74.7 (73.3; 76.2) |
BMI (kg/m2) * | 30.2 (29.6; 30.9) | 28.4 (28.1; 28.7) | 27.7 (27.3; 28.1) |
Nutritional status, % | |||
Underweight | 1.1 (0.0; 2.6) | 1.5 (0.1; 2.6) | 0.8 (0.0; 0.2) |
Normal | 21.8 (17.8; 26.4) | 24.2 (21.6; 27.0) | 27.0 (23.0; 31.4) |
Overweight | 29.9 (25.6; 34.6) | 41.7 (38.6; 44.9) | 42.4 (37.7; 47.3) |
Obese | 47.2 (42.1; 52.3) | 32.6 (29.7; 35.6) | 29.8 (25.6; 34.3) |
Waist circumference (cm) * | 98.3 (96.9; 99.8) | 92.6 (91.7; 93.5) | 91,3 (90.1; 92.4) |
Central obesity, % | |||
>102 cm men and >88 cm women | 59.0 (53.9; 63.9) | 41.3 (38.3; 44.4) | 39.2 (34.6; 43.9) |
Variables | Slow Pace | Average Pace | Brisk Pace | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
β (95% CI) | p-Value | β (95% CI) | p-Value | ||
Fasting Glucose (mg/dL) | |||||
Model 0 | 1.00 (Ref.) | −7.74 (−11.08; −4.40) | <0.0001 | −11.05 (−14.36; −7.75) | <0.0001 |
Model 1 | 1.00 (Ref.) | −2.55 (−5.67; 0.56) | 0.109 | −4.84 (−7.91; −1.79) | 0.002 |
Model 2 | 1.00 (Ref.) | −1.70 (−4.86; 1.34) | 0.266 | −3.64 (−6.72; −0.57) | 0.020 |
Model 3 | 1.00 (Ref.) | −1.31 (−4.43; 1.80) | 0.410 | −3.00 (−5.99; −0.11) | 0.049 |
HbA1c (%) | |||||
Model 0 | 1.00 (Ref.) | −0.34 (−0.57; −0.11) | 0.004 | −0.72 (−0.94; −0.49) | <0.0001 |
Model 1 | 1.00 (Ref.) | −0.08 (−0.30; 0.13) | 0.464 | −0.40 (−0.61; −0.17) | <0.0001 |
Model 2 | 1.00 (Ref.) | −0.08 (−0.29; −0.14) | 0.493 | −0.39 (−0.62; −0.16) | 0.001 |
Model 3 | 1.00 (Ref.) | −0.05 (−0.28; 0.18) | 0.665 | −0.37 (−0.60; −0.13) | 0.002 |
Variable | Slow Pace | Average Pace | Brisk Pace | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | ||
T2D | |||||
Model 0 | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.32 (0.4; 0.43) | <0.0001 | 0.22 (0.15; 0.34) | <0.0001 |
Model 1 | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.54 (0.38; 0.77) | 0.001 | 0.42 (0.26; 0.66) | <0.0001 |
Model 2 | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.58 (0.41; 0.83) | 0.003 | 0.48 (0.31; 0.77) | 0.002 |
Model 3 | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.59 (0.41; 0.84) | 0.004 | 0.48 (0.30; 0.79) | 0.004 |
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Cigarroa, I.; Espinoza-Sanhueza, M.J.; Lasserre-Laso, N.; Diaz-Martinez, X.; Garrido-Mendez, A.; Matus-Castillo, C.; Martinez-Sanguinetti, M.A.; Leiva, A.M.; Petermann-Rocha, F.; Parra-Soto, S.; et al. Association between Walking Pace and Diabetes: Findings from the Chilean National Health Survey 2016–2017. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5341. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155341
Cigarroa I, Espinoza-Sanhueza MJ, Lasserre-Laso N, Diaz-Martinez X, Garrido-Mendez A, Matus-Castillo C, Martinez-Sanguinetti MA, Leiva AM, Petermann-Rocha F, Parra-Soto S, et al. Association between Walking Pace and Diabetes: Findings from the Chilean National Health Survey 2016–2017. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(15):5341. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155341
Chicago/Turabian StyleCigarroa, Igor, María José Espinoza-Sanhueza, Nicole Lasserre-Laso, Ximena Diaz-Martinez, Alex Garrido-Mendez, Carlos Matus-Castillo, María Adela Martinez-Sanguinetti, Ana Maria Leiva, Fanny Petermann-Rocha, Solange Parra-Soto, and et al. 2020. "Association between Walking Pace and Diabetes: Findings from the Chilean National Health Survey 2016–2017" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 15: 5341. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155341