Interrelationship between Interpersonal Interaction Intensity and Health Self-Efficacy in People with Diabetes or Prediabetes on Online Diabetes Social Platforms: An In-Depth Survey in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Instruments
2.3. Procedure
Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate
2.4. Data Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistical Analysis of Interviewed Participants with Diabetes or Pre-Diabetes
3.2. Analysis of Self-Efficacy and Group Participation Situation of the Participants
3.3. Analysis of Self-Efficacy and Demographic Characteristics and Online Participation of the Participants
status Single+ 0.266 × The time of paying attention to group information < 30 min/d
+ 0.697 × Frequency of viewing group information <5 times a day +0.340 ×
Frequency of viewing group information 5–10 times a day+ 0.659 × Interaction
frequency between individuals and group members≤10 + 0.479 × Interaction
frequency between individuals and group members11–30 + 0.359 × Interaction
frequency between individuals and group members31–50
status Single+ 0.266 × The time of paying attention to group information < 30 min/d
+ 0.697 × Frequency of viewing group information <5 times a day +0.340 ×
Frequency of viewing group information 5–10 times a day+ 0.659 × Interaction
frequency between individuals and group members≤10 + 0.479 × Interaction
frequency between individuals and group members11–30 + 0.359 × Interaction
frequency between individuals and group members31–50
3.4. Diabetes Information Sources for the Participants
3.5. Opinions of Interviewed Participants with Diabetes or Prediabetes Regarding Online Health Communities
3.5.1. Female, 63 Years Old, Jiangsu-Nanjing, Diabetes Mellitus (ID: 70)
“Because we are all patients with diabetes, we have compassion for each other, making us feel closer and helping us to communicate more easily. When I was sick, because of the small number of patients around me and the lack of Internet access, I found no patient like me to relate to for many years. Nobody could communicate with me or empathize with my feelings of helplessness. After joining an online diabetes community, I gained a lot of practical knowledge about blood glucose control that I couldn’t have gotten from books or even doctors. Talking in a group is not only enjoyable but also informative.”
3.5.2. Male, 48 Years Old, Tianjin, Diabetes Mellitus (ID: 78)
“Different people have different methods of blood glucose control. I learned a lot from the group, and communicating with other people with diabetes felt really good. We had the same purpose: to learn how to better control our diabetes.”
3.5.3. Male, 21 Years Old, Jiangxi, High-Risk Population of Diabetes Mellitus (ID: 84)
“For people who do not have enough self-control or who are not active enough in finding others like them, it is good to be part of a group where everyone can try to monitor and improve each other’s condition.”
3.5.4. Male, 35 Years Old, Henan, Diabetes Mellitus (ID: 144)
“It has had a great effect on me. I have always felt inferior to others because of this disease. Other people in the online community give me comfort, which I found the most touching.”
3.5.5. Male, 29 Years Old, Henan-Jiaozuo, Diabetes Mellitus (ID: 162)
“Seeing others share their experience of struggling with the illness has made me work harder and be more active in my life. The knowledge of blood glucose control shared by them has also helped me a lot. I really appreciate the moderator for allowing me to join this big family. Although I do not speak much, I have been paying attention to what goes on in the group, and I thank my friends with diabetes for giving me great courage in silence.”
3.5.6. Female, 45 Years Old, Shandong-Taian, Diabetes Mellitus (ID: 419)
“At first, I felt a lot of pressure and negative emotions, but later, after communicating with other patients who could understand my situation, I slowly gained confidence. I would like to thank the online diabetes health community.”
3.5.7. Female, 38 Years Old, Heilongjiang-Harbin, Diabetes Mellitus (ID: 428)
“I hope everyone is well. I have learned a lot in my half a year here. My life has been getting better. I will help new friends in the future, consult their professional knowledge, and be fearless.”
3.5.8. Female, 49 Years Old, Shanghai, Critical Diabetes Mellitus (ID: 519)
“There are symptoms, topics, and concerns that we have in common. With mutual encouragement among people with diabetes, a bond forms; there is a feeling that they are more than just people who share a common experience.”
3.5.9. Male, 35 Years Old, Guangdong, Diabetes Mellitus (ID: 948)
“People with diabetes are more accepting, and most of the information they share is credible. I have tried the methods they’ve recommended and they have been very useful.”
3.5.10. Male, 23 Years Old, Guangdong-Dongguan, Diabetes Mellitus (ID: 1097)
“At present, my experience in online diabetes health communities still greatly influences me; it has been helpful to me. I know from this questionnaire which apps I can use to learn about diabetes.”
4. Discussion
4.1. Chinese with Diabetes or Prediabetes Have Medium or High Self-Efficacy in Online Health Communities
4.2. Self-Efficacy Subgroups Significantly Differ in Respect to of Interactive Modes in Online Health Communities
4.3. Most Diabetes-Related Information was Derived from Social Media
4.4. Limitations and Expectations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Factors | Low (n = 25) | Medium (n = 483) | High (n = 733) | Overall (n = 1241) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | ||||
Female | 8 (32.0%) | 230 (47.6%) | 333 (45.4%) | 571 (46.0%) |
Male | 17 (68.0%) | 253 (52.4%) | 400 (54.6%) | 670 (54.0%) |
Age | ||||
11–30 years old | 11 (44.0%) | 180 (37.3%) | 200 (27.3%) | 391 (31.5%) |
31–40 years old | 3 (12.0%) | 164 (34.0%) | 279 (38.1%) | 446 (35.9%) |
≥41 years old | 11 (44.0%) | 139 (28.8%) | 254 (34.7%) | 404 (32.6%) |
Educational level | ||||
Below junior college | 9 (36.0%) | 163 (33.7%) | 208 (28.4%) | 380 (30.6%) |
Junior college | 5 (20.0%) | 132 (27.3%) | 214 (29.2%) | 351 (28.3%) |
Undergraduate college and above | 11 (44.0%) | 188 (38.9%) | 311 (42.4%) | 510 (41.1%) |
Residential area | ||||
Not urban area | 14 (56.0%) | 199 (41.2%) | 245 (33.4%) | 458 (36.9%) |
Urban area | 11 (44.0%) | 284 (58.8%) | 488 (66.6%) | 783 (63.1%) |
Marital status | ||||
Single | 17 (68.0%) | 162 (33.5%) | 153 (20.9%) | 332 (26.8%) |
Married | 8 (32.0%) | 321 (66.5%) | 580 (79.1%) | 909 (73.2%) |
Disease course | ||||
<1 year | 12 (48.0%) | 201 (41.6%) | 278 (37.9%) | 491 (39.6%) |
1–2 years | 6 (24.0%) | 131 (27.1%) | 222 (30.3%) | 359 (28.9%) |
>2 years | 7 (28.0%) | 151 (31.3%) | 233 (31.8%) | 391 (31.5%) |
Blood glucose | ||||
High-risk diabetes | 8 (32.0%) | 78 (16.1%) | 119 (16.2%) | 205 (16.5%) |
Critical diabetes | 3 (12.0%) | 198 (41.0%) | 318 (43.4%) | 519 (41.8%) |
Diagnosed diabetes | 14 (56.0%) | 207 (42.9%) | 296 (40.4%) | 517 (41.7%) |
Time to join groups | ||||
<3 months | 8 (32.0%) | 114 (23.6%) | 151 (20.6%) | 273 (22.0%) |
3–6 months | 8 (32.0%) | 128 (26.5%) | 217 (29.6%) | 353 (28.4%) |
6–12 months | 7 (28.0%) | 108 (22.4%) | 178 (24.3%) | 293 (23.6%) |
>1 year | 2 (8.0%) | 133 (27.5%) | 187 (25.5%) | 322 (25.9%) |
Number of groups joined | ||||
≤3 | 4 (16.0%) | 192 (39.8%) | 255 (34.8%) | 451 (36.3%) |
4–6 | 8 (32.0%) | 169 (35.0%) | 229 (31.2%) | 406 (32.7%) |
≥7 | 13 (52.0%) | 122 (25.3%) | 249 (34.0%) | 384 (30.9%) |
Frequency of viewing group information | ||||
<5 times a day | 8 (32.0%) | 193 (40.0%) | 197 (26.9%) | 398 (32.1%) |
5–10 times a day | 6 (24.0%) | 132 (27.3%) | 207 (28.2%) | 345 (27.8%) |
>10 times a day | 11 (44.0%) | 158 (32.7%) | 329 (44.9%) | 498 (40.1%) |
Frequency of sending group information | ||||
<2 times a day | 12 (48.0%) | 248 (51.3%) | 256 (34.9%) | 516 (41.6%) |
2–10 times a day | 6 (24.0%) | 158 (32.7%) | 312 (42.6%) | 476 (38.4%) |
>10 times a day | 7 (28.0%) | 77 (15.9%) | 165 (22.5%) | 249 (20.1%) |
The time of paying attention to group information everyday | ||||
<30 min | 12 (48.0%) | 239 (49.5%) | 282 (38.5%) | 533 (42.9%) |
>30 min | 13 (52.0%) | 244 (50.5%) | 451 (61.5%) | 708 (57.1%) |
Size of groups with greater participation | ||||
≤100 | 9 (36.0%) | 127 (26.3%) | 182 (24.8%) | 318 (25.6%) |
101–300 | 6 (24.0%) | 136 (28.2%) | 245 (33.4%) | 387 (31.2%) |
≥301 | 10 (40.0%) | 220 (45.5%) | 306 (41.7%) | 536 (43.2%) |
Interaction frequency between individuals and group members | ||||
≤10 | 7 (28.0%) | 118 (24.4%) | 131 (17.9%) | 256 (20.6%) |
11–30 | 9 (36.0%) | 172 (35.6%) | 228 (31.1%) | 409 (33.0%) |
31–50 | 5 (20.0%) | 109 (22.6%) | 169 (23.1%) | 283 (22.8%) |
≥51 | 4 (16.0%) | 84 (17.4%) | 205 (28.0%) | 293 (23.6%) |
Help from group | ||||
No help | 6 (24.0%) | 23 (4.7%) | 21 (2.9%) | 50 (4.0%) |
A little help | 9 (36.0%) | 169 (35.0%) | 172 (23.5%) | 350 (28.2%) |
General help | 7 (28.0%) | 178 (36.9%) | 223 (30.4%) | 408 (32.9%) |
More help | 3 (12.0%) | 83 (17.2%) | 188 (25.6%) | 274 (22.1%) |
A lot of help | 0 (0%) | 30 (6.2%) | 129(17.6%) | 159(12.8%) |
Self-efficacy score | ||||
Mean (SD) | 20.8 (3.21) | 44.6 (5.72) | 57.8 (4.08) | 51.9 (9.12) |
Median [Min, Max] | 22.0 [13.0, 25.0] | 46.0 [26.0, 51.0] | 57.0 [52.0, 65.0] | 53.0 [13.0, 65.0] |
Interaction Mode | Low (n = 25) | Medium (n = 483) | High (n = 733) | χ2 | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
“Liking” posts | 7.208 | 0.024 * | |||
No | 4 (16.0%) | 93 (19.3%) | 99 (13.5%) | ||
Yes | 21 (84.0%) | 390 (80.7%) | 634 (86.5%) | ||
Uploading or viewing pictures | 41.588 | <0.001 *** | |||
No | 5 (20.0%) | 152 (31.5%) | 116 (15.8%) | ||
Yes | 20 (80.0%) | 331 (68.5%) | 617 (84.2%) | ||
Reading and using group materials | 34.337 | <0.001 *** | |||
No | 6 (24.0%) | 100 (20.7%) | 67 (9.1%) | ||
Yes | 19 (76.0%) | 383 (79.3%) | 666 (90.9%) | ||
Viewing or responding to messages | 27.599 | <0.001 *** | |||
No | 11 (44.0%) | 100 (20.7%) | 89 (12.1%) | ||
Yes | 14 (56.0%) | 383 (79.3%) | 644 (87.9%) | ||
Viewing or sharing links | 27.599 | <0.001 *** | |||
No | 8 (32.0%) | 118 (24.4%) | 105 (14.3%) | ||
Yes | 17 (68.0%) | 365 (75.6%) | 628 (85.7%) | ||
Asking online-community friends for help | 20.711 | <0.001 *** | |||
No | 8 (32.0%) | 107 (22.2%) | 96 (13.1%) | ||
Yes | 17 (68.0%) | 376 (77.8%) | 637 (86.9%) | ||
Exchanging experiences or methods of treatment | 39.313 | <0.001 *** | |||
No | 9 (36.0%) | 90 (18.6%) | 59 (8.0%) | ||
Yes | 16 (64.0%) | 393 (81.4%) | 674 (92.0%) | ||
Communicating with online-community friends through private messages | 29.153 | <0.001 *** | |||
No | 8 (32.0%) | 171 (35.4%) | 157 (21.4%) | ||
Yes | 17 (68.0%) | 312 (64.6%) | 576 (78.6%) |
Factors | Low (n = 25) | Medium (n = 483) | High (n = 733) | χ2 | P1 | r | P2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | 0.007 | 0.935 | 0.002 | 0.935 | |||
Female | 8 (32.0%) | 230 (47.6%) | 333 (45.4%) | ||||
Male | 17 (68.0%) | 253 (52.4%) | 400 (54.6%) | ||||
Age | 9.561 | 0.002 ** | 0.088 | 0.002 ** | |||
11–30 years old | 11 (44.0%) | 180 (37.3%) | 200 (27.3%) | ||||
31–40 years old | 3 (12.0%) | 164 (34.0%) | 279 (38.1%) | ||||
≥41 years old | 11 (44.0%) | 139 (28.8%) | 254 (34.7%) | ||||
Educational level | 2.877 | 0.009 ** | 0.048 | 0.009 ** | |||
Below junior college | 9 (36.0%) | 163 (33.7%) | 208 (28.4%) | ||||
Junior college | 5 (20.0%) | 132 (27.3%) | 214 (29.2%) | ||||
Undergraduate college and above | 11 (44.0%) | 188 (38.9%) | 311 (42.4%) | ||||
Residential area | 11.121 | <0.001 *** | 0.095 | 0.001 ** | |||
Not urban area | 14 (56.0%) | 199 (41.2%) | 245 (33.4%) | ||||
Urban area | 11 (44.0%) | 284 (58.8%) | 488 (66.6%) | ||||
Marital status | 41.078 | <0.001 *** | 0.182 | <0.001 *** | |||
Single | 17 (68.0%) | 162 (33.5%) | 153 (20.9%) | ||||
Married | 8 (32.0%) | 321 (66.5%) | 580 (79.1%) | ||||
Disease course | |||||||
<1 year | 12 (48.0%) | 201 (41.6%) | 278 (37.9%) | 1.165 | 0.280 | 0.031 | 0.280 |
1–2 years | 6 (24.0%) | 131 (27.1%) | 222 (30.3%) | ||||
>2 years | 7 (28.0%) | 151 (31.3%) | 233 (31.8%) | ||||
Blood glucose | 0.267 | 0.606 | −0.015 | 0.606 | |||
High-risk diabetes | 8 (32.0%) | 78 (16.1%) | 119 (16.2%) | ||||
Critical diabetes | 3 (12.0%) | 198 (41.0%) | 318 (43.4%) | ||||
Diagnosed diabetes | 14 (56.0%) | 207 (42.9%) | 296 (40.4%) | ||||
Time to join groups | 0.86 | 0.354 | 0.026 | 0.354 | |||
<3 months | 8 (32.0%) | 114 (23.6%) | 151 (20.6%) | ||||
3–6 months | 8 (32.0%) | 128 (26.5%) | 217 (29.6%) | ||||
6–12 months | 7 (28.0%) | 108 (22.4%) | 178 (24.3%) | ||||
>1 years | 2 (8.0%) | 133 (27.5%) | 187 (25.5%) | ||||
Number of groups joined | 2.272 | 0.132 | 0.043 | 0.132 | |||
≤3 | 4 (16.0%) | 192 (39.8%) | 255 (34.8%) | ||||
4–6 | 8 (32.0%) | 169 (35.0%) | 229 (31.2%) | ||||
≥7 | 13 (52.0%) | 122 (25.3%) | 249 (34.0%) | ||||
Frequency of viewing group information | 21.773 | <0.001 *** | 0.133 | <0.001 *** | |||
<5 times a day | 8 (32.0%) | 193 (40.0%) | 197 (26.9%) | ||||
5–10 times a day | 6 (24.0%) | 132 (27.3%) | 207 (28.2%) | ||||
>10 times a day | 11 (44.0%) | 158 (32.7%) | 329 (44.9%) | ||||
Frequency of sending group information | 0.008 | 0.928 | −0.003 | 0.928 | |||
<2 times a day | 12 (48.0%) | 248 (51.3%) | 256 (34.9%) | ||||
2–10 times a day | 6 (24.0%) | 158 (32.7%) | 312 (42.6%) | ||||
>10 times a day | 7 (28.0%) | 77 (15.9%) | 165 (22.5%) | ||||
The time of paying attention to group information | 13.377 | <0.001 *** | 0.104 | <0.001 *** | |||
<30 min | 12 (48.0%) | 239 (49.5%) | 282 (38.5%) | ||||
>30 min | 13 (52.0%) | 244 (50.5%) | 451 (61.5%) | ||||
Size of groups with greater participation | 0.008 | 0.928 | −0.003 | 0.928 | |||
≤100 | 9 (36.0%) | 127 (26.3%) | 182 (24.8%) | ||||
101–300 | 6 (24.0%) | 136 (28.2%) | 245 (33.4%) | ||||
≥301 | 10 (40.0%) | 220 (45.5%) | 306 (41.7%) | ||||
Interaction frequency between individuals and group members | 21.177 | <0.001 *** | 0.131 | <0.001 *** | |||
≤10 | 7 (28.0%) | 118 (24.4%) | 131 (17.9%) | ||||
11–30 | 9 (36.0%) | 172 (35.6%) | 228 (31.1%) | ||||
31–50 | 5 (20.0%) | 109 (22.6%) | 169 (23.1%) | ||||
≥51 | 4 (16.0%) | 84 (17.4%) | 205 (28.0%) |
Factors | Overall (n = 1241) | OR | p | OR 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | ||||
11–30 years old | 391 (31.5%) | 0.947 | 0.759 | 0.667–1.344 |
31–40 years old | 446 (35.9%) | 0.990 | 0.949 | 0.738–1.328 |
≥41 years old | 404 (32.6%) | 1.000 | ||
Educational level | ||||
Below junior college | 380 (30.6%) | 0.898 | 0.491 | 0.660–1.221 |
Junior college | 351 (28.3%) | 0.958 | 0.774 | 0.712–1.288 |
Undergraduate college and above | 510 (41.1%) | 1.000 | ||
Residential area | ||||
Not urban area | 458 (36.9%) | 0.750 | 0.029 * | 0.580–0.970 |
Urban area | 783 (63.1%) | 1.000 | ||
Marital status | ||||
Single | 332 (26.8%) | 0.476 | <0.001 *** | 0.347–0.654 |
Married | 909 (73.2%) | 1.000 | - | |
The time of paying attention to group information | ||||
<30 min/d | 533 (42.9%) | 0.766 | 0.030 * | 0.602–0.974 |
≥30 min/d | 708 (57.1%) | 1.000 | - | |
Frequency of viewing group information | ||||
<5 times a day | 398 (32.1%) | 0.498 | <0.001 *** | 0.377–0.658 |
5–10 times a day | 345 (27.8%) | 0.711 | 0.023 * | 0.530–0.955 |
>10 times a day | 498 (40.1%) | 1.000 | - | |
Interaction frequency between individuals and group members | ||||
≤10 | 256 (20.6%) | 0.517 | <0.001 *** | 0.359–0.745 |
11–30 | 409 (33.0%) | 0.620 | 0.004 ** | 0.446–0.862 |
31–50 | 283 (22.8%) | 0.699 | 0.048 * | 0.489–0.997 |
≥51 | 293 (23.6%) | 1.000 | - |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Chen, Z.; Zhang, C.; Fan, G. Interrelationship between Interpersonal Interaction Intensity and Health Self-Efficacy in People with Diabetes or Prediabetes on Online Diabetes Social Platforms: An In-Depth Survey in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5375. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155375
Chen Z, Zhang C, Fan G. Interrelationship between Interpersonal Interaction Intensity and Health Self-Efficacy in People with Diabetes or Prediabetes on Online Diabetes Social Platforms: An In-Depth Survey in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(15):5375. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155375
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Zhihong, Chaochuang Zhang, and Guanhua Fan. 2020. "Interrelationship between Interpersonal Interaction Intensity and Health Self-Efficacy in People with Diabetes or Prediabetes on Online Diabetes Social Platforms: An In-Depth Survey in China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 15: 5375. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155375