Designing Effective Warnings about Addiction on the Patient Information Leaflet of Over-the-Counter Codeine Sold in England to University Students
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Case Study
2.2. Eye-Tracking Experiment and Survey
2.2.1. Sample Selection
2.2.2. Questions in the Experiment
2.2.3. Participant Recruitment
2.2.4. Testing Procedure
2.2.5. Data Collection and Analysis
2.2.6. Ethical Consideration
3. Results
3.1. Case Study
3.2. Eye-Tracking Experiment
3.2.1. Participants’ Information and Their Perception of OTC Codeine
3.2.2. Testing Results
3.3. Interview
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Questions asked before the eye-tracking experiment: | |
Question 1: | How old are you? |
Question 2: | Which gender do you identify yourself as? |
Question 3: | What is your nationality? |
Question 4: | Where is your home town? |
Question 5: | Are you familiar with opioid analgesic or codeine-containing medicines? |
Question 6: | In what situation do you tend to buy over-the-counter codeine containing medicines? |
Questions asked during the eye-tracking experiment: | |
Task 1: | Please identify what symptoms that this medicine is intended to treat. |
Task 2: | Please identify the maximum dosage for this medicine (dosage per day; maximum days). |
Task 3: | Please identify the side effects of this medicine. |
Task 4: | Please identify the reason why this medicine is only for short-time treatment. |
Task 5: | How do you know if you are addicted? |
Task 6: | Please identify how many times the warning sign of addiction was mentioned in this leaflet. |
Questions asked after the eye-tracking experiment: | |
Question 1: | In what situation do you tend to buy over-the-counter codeine containing medicines? |
Question 2: | How do you think of the availability and regulation of over-the-counter codeine? |
Question 3: | Have you seen these two patient information leaflets before? |
Question 4: | Which patient information leaflet is more helpful to you? Why? |
No | Medicine | Efficacy | Text Column | Word Count | Icons & Colour | Print Size/cm |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Co-damol Tablets (Accord) | Pain | 2 | 1659 | None | 21.0 × 29.6 |
2 | Co-damol Tablets (M&A Pharmachem Ltd.) | Pain | 2 | 2189 | None | 12.4 × 20.7 |
3 | Co-damol Effervescent Tablets (Zentiva) | Pain | 1 | 3020 | None | 20.9 × 50.0 |
4 | Codeine Phosphate (Thornton & rose Ltd.) | Pain | 2 | 2068 | None | 21.0 × 29.7 |
5 | Codis 500 (Reckitt Benckiser Healthcare UK Ltd.) | Pain | 2 | 1788 | None | 24.1 × 48.2 |
6 | Migraleve Film-coated Tablets (McNeil Products) | Pain | 3 | 2478 | Both | 25.0 × 14.5 |
7 | Nurofen Plus (Reckitt Benckiser Healthcare Ltd.) | Pain | 2 | 4914 | None | 19.2 × 29.6 |
8 | Panadol Ultra Tablets (GlaxoSmithKline Healthcare) | Pain | 2 | 2152 | Icon | 14.1 × 10.6 |
9 | Paramol Tablets (Reckitt Benckiser Healthcare Ltd.) | Pain | 2 | 1839 | None | 18.0 × 26.7 |
10 | Paracetamol, Codeine & Caffeine (Fannin Limited) | Pain | 2 | 1717 | None | 29.7 × 23.8 |
11 | Paracodol Tablets (Delpharm Gaillard) | Pain | 2 | 1468 | Icon | 15.0 × 25.0 |
12 | Solpadeine Plus (Omega pharma Ltd.) | Pain | 2 | 1936 | Icon | 15.0 × 30.5 |
13 | Syndol Headache Relief Tablets (SANOFI) | Pain | 2 | 1894 | None | 21.0 × 28.0 |
14 | Syndol Film-Coated Tablets (SANOFI) | Pain | 2 | 2897 | None | 19.0 × 29.7 |
15 | Veganin (Omega Pharma Ltd.) | Pain | 2 | 2482 | Colour | 14.0 × 22.9 |
16 | Pulmo Bally (DDD Limited) | Cold & flu | 3 | 1048 | None | 16.5 × 12.0 |
17 | Codeine Linctus (Thronton & rose Ltd.) | Dry cough | 3 | 1196 | Icon | 17.0 × 6.49 |
18 | Codeine Linctus BP (Pinewood Laboratories Ltd.) | Dry cough | 1 | 1320 | None | 21.0 × 29.7 |
19 | Galcodine Linctus (Thronton & Ross Ltd.) | Dry cough | 4 | 1300 | Icon | 21.0 × 29.7 |
Presenting Warnings of Addiction | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Headline section | |||||||||||||||||||
“Before use” section | |||||||||||||||||||
“How to take” section | |||||||||||||||||||
“Side-effect” section: (“How do I know if I am addicted”) | |||||||||||||||||||
Labeled with color or icon: | |||||||||||||||||||
Labeled in bolded words: | |||||||||||||||||||
Labeled in bolded sentences: | |||||||||||||||||||
Labeled: | |||||||||||||||||||
Unlisted: |
Frequency | Feedbacks | Frequency | |
---|---|---|---|
Sample 1 | 15 | I felt that I could find things easier in sample 1 | 2 |
Clear layout, clear heading, clear warning, summarized the important information at the top of the sheet. | 4 | ||
Easier to find the issue as they had a bold format. Address issues more. | 2 | ||
The structure of the pamphlet, notable the subheadings and bullet points. | 1 | ||
All the primary information was right at the start of the leaflet which you immediately go toward. The other one you have to hunt for the information. | 1 | ||
Clear to read, and the font was larger. It is easy to find what you needed with subheading in comparison to the second. | 2 | ||
It was clearer in pointing out the addictive property of codeine, which is very important and the information was grouped together well within the subtitles. | 1 | ||
Sample 1 had more information about addiction, and it was clearly laid out. | 2 | ||
Sample 2 | 15 | The categories are divided better into sections. | 1 |
The layout and typeface are more legible than Sample 1. | 8 | ||
It was easier to read. Sample 1 had too much bold lettering. | 1 | ||
This one is easier to read. The information on Sample 1 is all over the place. | 1 | ||
The headings are more descriptive of each section. | 2 | ||
It has more subheadings than Sample 1. | 1 | ||
Sample 1 had too much information; the font size is too small to read. | 1 |
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Share and Cite
Zhao, J.; Chen, Y.; Han, T.; Westland, S. Designing Effective Warnings about Addiction on the Patient Information Leaflet of Over-the-Counter Codeine Sold in England to University Students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5490. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155490
Zhao J, Chen Y, Han T, Westland S. Designing Effective Warnings about Addiction on the Patient Information Leaflet of Over-the-Counter Codeine Sold in England to University Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(15):5490. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155490
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Jianan, Yun Chen, Ting Han, and Stephen Westland. 2020. "Designing Effective Warnings about Addiction on the Patient Information Leaflet of Over-the-Counter Codeine Sold in England to University Students" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 15: 5490. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155490