Objective Analysis of Movement in Subjects with ADHD. Multidisciplinary Control Tool for Students in the Classroom
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.2.1. Sample Recruitment
2.2.2. Study Techniques Workshops
2.2.3. Classroom Layout
2.2.4. Computer Application ADHD Movements
2.3. Analysis of Data
2.3.1. Data Registered by the Kinect Device
2.3.2. Data Registered by Observers
2.3.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Average Differences in Movement for Every Joint in the Experimental Group and the Control Group
3.2. Average Differences in Movement for Every Joint within the Experimental Group with and without Medication Intake
3.3. Average Differences in Movement for Every Joint in the Experimental Group, According to Sex
3.4. Movement Difference Registered by Observers
4. Discussion
Limitations, Strengths, and Future Directions
5. Conclusions
- The software developed (ADHD Movements) for the Microsoft Kinect V.2 device is valid to capture the movement of 17 joints of up to 6 subjects in a teaching/learning situation.
- Students with ADHD present more movement and squirm more in their seat, than students without ADHD.
- Students with a firm diagnosis of ADHD without the prescribed medication present more movement and squirm more in their seat than ADHD students with the prescribed medication.
- ADHD students with and without taking their prescribed medication present a similar amount of movement in the head joint.
- Girls with ADHD present more movement than boys with ADHD.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Kinect Joint | Levene Test | Experimental Group | Control Group | Statistical Significance and Magnitude Differences | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | p | M | DE | M | DE | t | g.l. | p | d | |
Spine base | 45.42 | <0.001 | 2.92 | 2.41 | 2.53 | 1.82 | 4.73 | 2512.24 | <0.001 | 0.18 |
Spine mid | 74.18 | <0.001 | 2.14 | 1.76 | 1.62 | 1.05 | 9.59 | 2665.48 | <0.001 | 0.34 |
Neck | 64.04 | <0.001 | 3.01 | 2.36 | 2.26 | 1.60 | 9.70 | 2612.67 | <0.001 | 0.36 |
Head | 102.41 | <0.001 | 3.48 | 2.52 | 2.44 | 1.67 | 12.79 | 2628.94 | <0.001 | 0.46 |
Left shoulder | 46.76 | <0.001 | 2.76 | 2.18 | 2.11 | 1.66 | 8.62 | 2496.40 | <0.001 | 0.32 |
Left elbow | 46.53 | <0.001 | 7.72 | 6.06 | 6.54 | 4.79 | 5.50 | 2448.92 | <0.001 | 0.21 |
Left wrist | 53.83 | <0.001 | 13.41 | 10.31 | 12.84 | 7.87 | 1.62 | 2497.42 | 0.105 | - |
Right shoulder | 111.21 | <0.001 | 2.76 | 2.25 | 2.00 | 1.33 | 10.97 | 2665.93 | <0.001 | 0.39 |
Right elbow | 15.46 | <0.001 | 9.50 | 7.85 | 7.92 | 7.00 | 5.38 | 2265.50 | <0.001 | 0.21 |
Right wrist | 92.18 | <0.001 | 16.79 | 14.08 | 15.38 | 10.05 | 3.00 | 2571.63 | 0.003 | 0.11 |
Left hip | 27.87 | <0.001 | 3.02 | 2.35 | 2.72 | 1.93 | 3.57 | 2393.97 | <0.001 | 0.14 |
Left knee | 4.35 | 0.037 | 3.95 | 4.00 | 3.21 | 4.49 | 4.26 | 1890.72 | <0.001 | 0.18 |
Left ankle | 10.13 | 0.001 | 8.16 | 7.72 | 8.23 | 8.70 | −0.205 | 1883.48 | 0.838 | - |
Right hip | 25.15 | <0.001 | 3.02 | 2.34 | 2.72 | 1.97 | 3.47 | 2356.94 | 0.001 | 0.14 |
Right knee | 24.75 | <0.001 | 4.23 | 4.79 | 3.14 | 3.47 | 6.76 | 2554.91 | <0.001 | 0.25 |
Right ankle | 0.635 | 0.426 | 8.95 | 8.54 | 8.56 | 9.54 | 1.08 | 2666 | 0.279 | - |
Spine shoulder | 73.26 | <0.001 | 2.65 | 2.21 | 1.97 | 1.40 | 9.61 | 2650.59 | <0.001 | 0.35 |
Kinect Joint | Levene Test | Experimental Group (with Medication) | Control Group (with Medication) | Statistical Significance and Magnitude Differences | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | p | M | DE | M | DE | t | g.l. | p | d | |
Spine base | 32.30 | <0.001 | 2.05 | 1.83 | 3.94 | 2.60 | 16.92 | 1370.59 | <0.001 | 0.83 |
Spine mid | 0.001 | 0.974 | 1.80 | 1.57 | 2.53 | 1.89 | 8.61 | 1676 | <0.001 | 0.42 |
Neck | <0.001 | 0.996 | 2.75 | 2.18 | 3.32 | 2.51 | 4.93 | 1676 | <0.001 | 0.24 |
Head | 4.63 | 0.031 | 3.31 | 2.45 | 3.68 | 2.59 | 3.02 | 1609.82 | 0.002 | 0.15 |
Left shoulder | 0.381 | 0.537 | 2.48 | 2.04 | 3.08 | 2.29 | 5.69 | 1676 | <0.001 | 0.28 |
Left elbow | 26.33 | <0.001 | 5.81 | 5.23 | 9.94 | 6.20 | 14.61 | 1526.61 | <0.001 | 0.72 |
Left wrist | 15.68 | <0.001 | 9.21 | 8.60 | 18.28 | 9.99 | 19.75 | 1543.72 | <0.001 | 0.97 |
Right shoulder | 0.490 | 0.484 | 2.43 | 2.04 | 3.15 | 2.41 | 6.60 | 1676 | <0.001 | 0.32 |
Right elbow | 186.14 | <0.001 | 6.28 | 4.87 | 13.23 | 8.91 | 19.39 | 1163.32 | <0.001 | 0.95 |
Right wrist | 147.05 | <0.001 | 10.24 | 9.40 | 24.37 | 14.77 | 22.94 | 1281.24 | <0.001 | 1.12 |
Left hip | 13.56 | <0.001 | 2.22 | 1.96 | 3.94 | 2.43 | 15.70 | 1492.09 | <0.001 | 0.77 |
Left knee | 102.38 | <0.001 | 2.91 | 2.91 | 5.15 | 4.71 | 11.50 | 1256.51 | <0.001 | 0.56 |
Left ankle | 276.86 | <0.001 | 5.71 | 4.61 | 11.01 | 9.44 | 14.25 | 1090.70 | <0.001 | 0.70 |
Right hip | 11.56 | 0.001 | 2.17 | 1.94 | 4.00 | 2.39 | 16.95 | 1494.15 | <0.001 | 0.83 |
Right knee | 212.30 | <0.001 | 2.90 | 2.80 | 5.76 | 6.00 | 12.13 | 1064.31 | <0.001 | 0.60 |
Right ankle | 266.49 | <0.001 | 5.93 | 5.37 | 12.43 | 10.07 | 16.12 | 1146.82 | <0.001 | 0.79 |
Spine shoulder | 0.074 | 0.786 | 2.42 | 1.99 | 2.91 | 2.41 | 4.49 | 1676 | <0.001 | 0.22 |
Kinect Joint | Boys | Girls | Statistical Significance and Magnitude Differences | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | DE | M | DE | F | p | d | |
Spine base | 2.95 | 2.45 | 2.86 | 2.32 | 2.15 | 0.643 | - |
Spine mid | 2.03 | 1.67 | 2.41 | 1.94 | 62.34 | <0.001 | 0.22 |
Neck | 2.77 | 2.15 | 3.62 | 2.72 | 152.60 | <0.001 | 0.37 |
Head | 3.38 | 2.42 | 3.74 | 2.73 | 127.52 | <0.001 | 0.14 |
Left shoulder | 2.56 | 2.02 | 3.26 | 2.47 | 1.14 | 0.286 | - |
Left elbow | 7.44 | 6.03 | 8.43 | 6.06 | 27.58 | <0.001 | 0.16 |
Left wrist | 13.13 | 10.66 | 14.11 | 9.36 | 13.38 | <0.001 | 0.10 |
Right shoulder | 2.57 | 2.08 | 3.24 | 2.57 | 129.93 | <0.001 | 0.30 |
Right elbow | 9.89 | 8.40 | 8.53 | 6.15 | 2.26 | 0.132 | - |
Right wrist | 17.59 | 15.29 | 14.79 | 10.19 | 3.45 | 0.063 | - |
Left hip | 3.00 | 2.31 | 3.06 | 2.46 | 4.37 | 0.081 | - |
Left knee | 3.61 | 3.67 | 4.80 | 4.64 | 41.07 | <0.001 | 0.30 |
Left ankle | 7.45 | 7.69 | 9.95 | 7.52 | 26.14 | <0.001 | 0.33 |
Right hip | 2.99 | 2.28 | 3.09 | 2.49 | 4.29 | 0.075 | - |
Right knee | 3.86 | 4.54 | 5.14 | 5.25 | 5.50 | 0.019 | 0.30 |
Right ankle | 8.12 | 7.98 | 11.02 | 9.50 | 14.16 | <0.001 | 0.34 |
Spine shoulder | 2.43 | 2.05 | 3.18 | 2.48 | 143.90 | <0.001 | 0.34 |
Movement | Levene Test | Experimental Group | Control Group | Statistical Significance and Magnitude Differences | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | p | M | DE | M | DE | t | g.l. | p | d | |
Squirm | 0.82 | 0.367 | 8.50 | 4.71 | 5.27 | 4.65 | 2.77 | 63 | 0.007 | 0.69 |
Leave sit | 0.25 | 0.614 | 1.35 | 3.59 | 1.12 | 3.38 | 0.268 | 62 | 0.790 | - |
Movement | Levene Test | Experimental Group (without Medication) | Control Group (without Medication) | Statistical Significance and Magnitude Differences | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | p | M | DE | M | DE | t | g.l. | p | d | |
Squirm | 0.79 | 0.324 | 8.92 | 4.88 | 16.52 | 12.54 | 3.34 | 24 | 0.003 | 0.80 |
Leave sit | 0.24 | 0.608 | 1.64 | 3.95 | 5.24 | 12.97 | −1.62 | 24 | 0.118 | - |
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Sempere-Tortosa, M.; Fernández-Carrasco, F.; Mora-Lizán, F.; Rizo-Maestre, C. Objective Analysis of Movement in Subjects with ADHD. Multidisciplinary Control Tool for Students in the Classroom. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5620. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155620
Sempere-Tortosa M, Fernández-Carrasco F, Mora-Lizán F, Rizo-Maestre C. Objective Analysis of Movement in Subjects with ADHD. Multidisciplinary Control Tool for Students in the Classroom. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(15):5620. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155620
Chicago/Turabian StyleSempere-Tortosa, Mireia, Francisco Fernández-Carrasco, Francisco Mora-Lizán, and Carlos Rizo-Maestre. 2020. "Objective Analysis of Movement in Subjects with ADHD. Multidisciplinary Control Tool for Students in the Classroom" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 15: 5620. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155620