Research on the Decoupling of Water Resources Utilization and Agricultural Economic Development in Gansu Province from the Perspective of Water Footprint
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Methods and Model
3.1. Water Footprint Evaluation
- (1)
- The blue WF of crop production is mainly represented by irrigation water (IR), which equals to the actual planted area (hm2) multiplied by the irrigation quota (m3 hm−2) per year. The irrigation quota here varies according to the type of crop and rainfall in a year, which entirely depends on the actual situation of crop planting in Gansu Province.
- (2)
- Green water footprint here was represented by effective rainfall or crop evaporation, which can be estimated with the CROPWAT8.0 model:WFgreen = 10 × ETgreen × AETgreen = min (ETc, Peff)ETc was calculated by reference evaporation along with crop factors. The calculation of reference evaporation (ET0) was derived from the latest revised F.A.O. Penman–Monteith method, given by the following relationship [38]:ETc = ET0 × Kc
- (3)
- The gray water used to assimilate nitrogen contamination from fertilizers is evaluated as gray water consumption. The WFgray of growing a crop can be calculated as follows (Hoekstra et al. (2009) [31]):
3.2. LMDI Factor Decomposition Model
3.3. Tapio Decoupling Index
3.4. Data Source and Description
4. Empirical Study
4.1. Descriptive Statistical Analysis
4.1.1. WF of Agriculture in Gansu Province
4.1.2. Relationship between Agricultural Economic Growth and WF Changes
4.2. Analysis of Driving Effects of Agricultural WF Changes
4.3. The Decoupling Relationship between Agricultural WF Changes and Agricultural Economic Growth
4.3.1. The Decoupling Status of Changes in Agricultural WF and Economic Growth
4.3.2. Analysis of Changes in Decoupling Factors of Agricultural WF
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Decoupling | ΔGDP | ΔWF | D(WF,GDP) | Status Description | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type | Status | ||||
Coupling | expansive | >0 | >0 | 0.8 ≤ D ≤ 1.2 | Both increase, relatively synchronized |
recessive | <0 | <0 | 0.8 ≤ D ≤ 1.2 | Both decrease, relatively synchronized | |
Decoupling | weak | >0 | >0 | 0 ≤ D < 0.8 | Both increase, GDP changes faster |
strong | >0 | <0 | D < 0 | GDP increases, WF decreases, best status | |
recessive | <0 | <0 | D > 1.2 | Both decrease, WF changes faster | |
Negative decoupling | expansive | >0 | >0 | D > 1.2 | Both increase, WF changes faster |
strong | <0 | >0 | D < 0 | WF increases, GDP decreases, worst status | |
weak | <0 | <0 | 0 ≤ D < 0.8 | Both decrease, GDP changes faster |
Year | ΔWFI | ΔWFS | ΔWFC | ΔWFP | Total Effect | Principal Factor | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stimulative | Withholder | ||||||
2006–2007 | −15.22 | 1.85 | 18.29 | −1.86 | 3.06 | economic * | technological |
2007–2008 | −12.82 | 5.42 | 12.8 | −2.08 | 3.33 | economic | technological * |
2008–2009 | −9.56 | 1.37 | 12.6 | −2.17 | 2.24 | economic * | technological |
2009–2010 | −33.15 | 13.16 | 17.51 | −2.04 | −4.53 | economic | technological * |
2010–2011 | −7.72 | 3.55 | 12.28 | −1.66 | 6.45 | economic * | technological |
2011–2012 | −20.28 | 4.53 | 16.29 | −2.47 | −1.93 | economic | technological * |
2012–2013 | −8.6 | 3.07 | 14.68 | −2.57 | 6.58 | economic * | technological |
2013–2014 | −10.21 | 2.39 | 9.09 | −2.85 | −1.58 | economic | technological * |
2014–2015 | −12.26 | 1.1 | 9.77 | −2.76 | −4.15 | economic | technological * |
2006–2015 | −643.24 | 51.74 | 782.76 | −77.99 | 113.27 | economic * | technological |
11th five-year | −78.48 | 25.35 | 73.48 | −9.8 | 10.55 | economic | technological * |
12th five-year | −59.07 | 14.64 | 62.12 | −12.31 | 5.37 | economic * | technological |
Year | DI | DS | DC | DP | D(WF,GDP) | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2006–2007 | −0.87 | 0.11 | 1.05 | −0.11 | 0.18 | weak |
2007–2008 | −1.16 | 0.49 | 1.16 | −0.19 | 0.30 | weak |
2008–2009 | −0.88 | 0.13 | 1.17 | −0.20 | 0.21 | weak |
2009–2010 | −1.97 | 0.78 | 1.04 | −0.12 | −0.27 | strong |
2010–2011 | −0.71 | 0.33 | 1.14 | −0.15 | 0.60 | weak |
2011–2012 | −1.37 | 0.31 | 1.10 | −0.17 | −0.13 | strong |
2012–2013 | −0.69 | 0.25 | 1.18 | −0.21 | 0.53 | weak |
2013–2014 | −1.58 | 0.37 | 1.41 | −0.44 | −0.24 | strong |
2014–2015 | −1.67 | 0.15 | 1.33 | −0.38 | −0.57 | strong |
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Shi, C.; Yuan, H.; Pang, Q.; Zhang, Y. Research on the Decoupling of Water Resources Utilization and Agricultural Economic Development in Gansu Province from the Perspective of Water Footprint. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5758. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165758
Shi C, Yuan H, Pang Q, Zhang Y. Research on the Decoupling of Water Resources Utilization and Agricultural Economic Development in Gansu Province from the Perspective of Water Footprint. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(16):5758. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165758
Chicago/Turabian StyleShi, Changfeng, Hang Yuan, Qinghua Pang, and Yangyang Zhang. 2020. "Research on the Decoupling of Water Resources Utilization and Agricultural Economic Development in Gansu Province from the Perspective of Water Footprint" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 16: 5758. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165758