Association between Personal Social Capital and Loneliness among Widowed Older People
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Design and Participants
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Demographic Characteristics
2.2.2. Assessment of Personal Social Capital
2.2.3. Assessment of Loneliness
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Ethical Statement
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics of the Study Population
3.2. Distribution of Personal Social Capital Level and Loneliness among Participants from Rural Areas and Urban Areas
3.3. Relationship between Personal Social Capital and Loneliness
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Total (n = 1497) | Rural Areas (n = 981) | Urban Areas (n = 501) | χ2/t | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Categorical Variables | |||||
Gender (%) | 8.317 | 0.004 | |||
Male | 504 (34.24) | 358 (36.79) | 146 (29.26) | ||
Female | 968 (65.76) | 615 (63.21) | 353 (70.74) | ||
Education level (%) | 213.918 | <0.001 | |||
Illiteracy | 692 (46.98) | 560 (57,38) | 132 (26.56) | ||
No formal education | 121 (8.21) | 71 (7.27) | 50 (10.06) | ||
Elementary school | 332 (22.54) | 220 (22.54) | 112 (22.54) | ||
Middle school | 161 (10.93) | 84 8.61) | 77 (15.49) | ||
High school or above | 167 (11.34) | 41 (4.20) | 126 (25.35) | ||
Family per capita annual income (RMB) (%) | 202.889 | <0.001 | |||
≤15,000 | 664 (45.85) | 531 (55.31) | 133 (27.25) | ||
15,000–30,000 | 415 (28.66) | 292 (30.42) | 123 (25.20) | ||
30,000–45,000 | 173 (11.95) | 73 (7.60) | 100 (20.49) | ||
>45,000 | 196 (13.54) | 64 (6.67) | 132 (27.05) | ||
Current occupation | 21.227 | <0.001 | |||
Without occupation | 1170 (79.59) | 744 (76.15) | 426 (86.41) | ||
With occupation | 300 (20.41) | 233 (23.85) | 67 (13.59) | ||
Smoking | 3.653 | 0.061 | |||
No | 963 (70.09) | 626 (68.42) | 337 (73.42) | ||
Yes | 411 (29.91) | 289 (31.58) | 122 (26.58) | ||
Drinking | 1.907 | 0.184 | |||
No | 830 (62.88) | 540 (61.57) | 290 (65.46) | ||
Yes | 490 (37.12) | 337 (38.43) | 153 (34.54) | ||
Sleep problems | 14.152 | <0.001 | |||
No | 781 (56.23) | 554 (59.76) | 227 (49.13) | ||
Yes | 608 (43.77) | 373 (40.24) | 235 (50.87) | ||
Number of chronic diseases | 3.534 | 0.171 | |||
0 | 580 (40.31) | 380 (39.62) | 200 (41.67) | ||
1 | 390 (27.10) | 251 (26.17) | 139 (28.96) | ||
≥2 | 469 (32.59) | 328 (34.20) | 141 (29.38) | ||
Metric variables | |||||
Age | 74.74 ± 7.96 | 74.52 ± 7.72 | 75.20 ± 8.42 | −1.536 | 0.125 |
Variable | Total (n = 1497) | Rural Area (n = 981) | Urban Area (n = 501) | t | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Personal social capital | |||||
Bonding capital | 27.50 ± 7.05 | 28.75 ± 6.99 | 25.08 ± 6.52 | 9.996 | <0.001 |
Bridging capital | 30.70 ± 7.47 | 32.04 ±7.26 | 28.06 ± 7.16 | 10.030 | <0.001 |
Loneliness | |||||
Mean ± SD | 17.30 ± 5.09 | 17.51 ± 5.08 | 16.91 ± 5.09 | 2.130 | 0.033 |
Classification | Total | Rural Areas | Urban Areas | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Personal Social Capital | BOC | BRC | BOC | BRC | BOC | BRC | |
Model 1 | B | 0.128 | −0.026 | 0.153 | −0.112 | 0.081 | 0.096 |
S.E | 0.033 | 0.031 | 0.041 | 0.040 | 0.058 | 0.052 | |
p | <0.001 | 0.403 | <0.001 | 0.005 | 0.162 | 0.062 | |
Model 2 | B | 0.110 | −0.043 | 0.138 | −0.111 | 0.077 | 0.059 |
S.E | 0.031 | 0.028 | 0.038 | 0.036 | 0.053 | 0.047 | |
p | <0.001 | 0.127 | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.147 | 0.208 | |
Model 3 | B | 0.112 | −0.026 | 0.124 | −0.095 | 0.082 | 0.085 |
S.E | 0.031 | 0.03 | 0.039 | 0.038 | 0.054 | 0.049 | |
p | <0.001 | 0.379 | 0.001 | 0.012 | 0.127 | 0.084 | |
Model 4 | B | 0.108 | −0.035 | 0.141 | −0.116 | 0.077 | 0.091 |
S.E | 0.033 | 0.030 | 0.041 | 0.039 | 0.058 | 0.050 | |
p | 0.001 | 0.251 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.185 | 0.072 |
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Jiang, D.; Hou, Y.; Hao, J.; Zhou, J.; Jiang, J.; Wang, Q. Association between Personal Social Capital and Loneliness among Widowed Older People. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5799. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165799
Jiang D, Hou Y, Hao J, Zhou J, Jiang J, Wang Q. Association between Personal Social Capital and Loneliness among Widowed Older People. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(16):5799. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165799
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiang, Dongdong, Yitan Hou, Jinwei Hao, Jiayi Zhou, Junfeng Jiang, and Quan Wang. 2020. "Association between Personal Social Capital and Loneliness among Widowed Older People" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 16: 5799. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165799