Household Air Pollution and Angina Pectoris in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Cross-Sectional Evidence from the World Health Survey 2002–2003
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Exposure
2.3. Outcome
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Pooled Results (Angina Pectoris- Diagnosed, Treated, or Rose Criteria)
3.2. Sex-Stratified Distribution of Angina Pectoris—Diagnosed, Treated or Rose Criteria
4. Discussions
4.1. Household Fuel Use and Angina Pectoris
4.2. Sex Stratified Differences in Angina Pectoris and Household Fuel Use
4.3. Ambient Air Pollution and Angina Pectoris
4.4. Smoking and Angina Pectoris
4.5. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Africa (n = 69,147) | Americas (n = 60,869) | Asia (n = 79,567) | Europe (n = 19,684) | Total (n = 229,267) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Angina pectoris diagnosed (%) a | 8.4% | 5.2% | 6.1% | 16.8% | 7.9% |
Angina pectoris treated (%) b | 4.9% | 4.6% | 5.4% | 18.4% | 7.3% |
Rose angina pectoris (%) c | 10.4% | 4.8% | 9.5% | 11.3% | 9.0% |
Angina pectoris diagnosed, treated or Rose | 16.3% | 9.5% | 14.1% | 24.6% | 15.2% |
Household fuel used for cooking or heating d | |||||
- Gas | 6.3% | 83.6% | 20.5% | 52.3% | 36.2% |
- Electricity | 12.8% | 0.4% | 0.8% | 6.3% | 2.9% |
- Kerosene | 3.6% | 0.0% | 1.7% | 3.9% | 1.9% |
- Coal/charcoal | 7.6% | 1.8% | 6.1% | 0.9% | 4.6% |
- Wood | 49.5% | 10.3% | 55.4% | 5.0% | 37.9% |
- Agriculture/dung/shrubs/other | 4.2% | 0.2% | 10.9% | 0.2% | 6.4% |
- Mixed solid/liquid/gas/electricity | 6.9% | 1.7% | 3.3% | 17.5% | 5.6% |
- Mixed solid only | 7.5% | 0.1% | 0.9% | 0.3% | 1.4% |
Household fuel used for cooking or heating e | |||||
- Gas/electricity/kerosene | 22.6% | 84.1% | 22.9% | 62.5% | 41.0% |
- Coal/charcoal/wood/agriculture/crop/shrub/grass | 61.4% | 12.3% | 72.3% | 6.1% | 48.9% |
- Mixed fuel use | 16.0% | 3.6% | 4.8% | 31.4% | 10.1% |
Mean age (years) | 36.84 | 40.91 | 38.86 | 49.00 | 40.65 |
Sex (%) | |||||
- Men | 49.5% | 44.5% | 51.1% | 38.3% | 47.6% |
- Women | 50.5% | 55.5% | 48.9% | 61.7% | 52.4% |
BMI (kg/m2) | |||||
- Underweight (<18.5) | 9.2% | 4.2% | 14.8% | 2.7% | 10.1% |
- Normal (18.5 ≤ BMI < 25.0) | 59.1% | 52.7% | 57.1% | 45.8% | 54.4% |
- Overweight (25.0 ≤ BMI < 30.0) | 20.1% | 30.9% | 18.4% | 35.5% | 24.0% |
- Obese (BMI ≥ 30.0) | 11.6% | 12.2% | 9.7% | 16.0% | 11.5% |
Marital status (%) | |||||
- Married/cohabitating | 58.8% | 63.0% | 73.7% | 57.3% | 67.3% |
- Single/separated/divorced/widowed | 41.2% | 37.0% | 26.3% | 42.7% | 32.7% |
Highest level of education (%) | |||||
- No formal schooling/primary school completed | 69.7% | 42.6% | 63.5% | 14.5% | 52.3% |
- Secondary school | 16.6% | 30.1% | 15.9% | 26.0% | 20.3% |
- High school or above | 13.7% | 27.3% | 20.6% | 59.6% | 27.3% |
Smoking (%) | |||||
- Never/former | 86.3% | 77.2% | 66.0% | 71.4% | 71.3% |
- Current | 13.7% | 22.8% | 34.0% | 28.6% | 28.7% |
Alcohol consumption (%) | |||||
- Never/former | 69.7% | 33.3% | 83.5% | 26.1% | 62.8% |
- Current | 30.3% | 66.7% | 16.5% | 73.9% | 37.2% |
Physical activity (%) | |||||
- Low | 13.6% | 20.4% | 10.6% | 10.3% | 12.9% |
- Moderate | 22.2% | 29.0% | 20.1% | 27.0% | 23.3% |
- High | 64.2% | 50.6% | 69.3% | 62.7% | 63.8% |
Diabetes (%) | 2.5% | 5.9% | 2.3% | 5.0% | 3.4% |
Characteristic | Africa | Americas | Asia | Europe | Pooled Sample | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR a | (95% CI) a | OR a | (95% CI) a | OR a | (95% CI) a | OR a | (95% CI) a | OR a | (95% CI) a | ||
Household fuel used for cooking or heating | Gas | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Electricity | 0.72 | 0.53–0.99 | 0.61 | 0.14–2.65 | 0.74 | 0.47–1.16 | 0.44 | 0.31–0.61 | 0.68 | 0.56–0.83 | |
Kerosene | 0.87 | 0.55–1.37 | n/a | n/a | 1.43 | 1.05–1.95 | 0.21 | 0.14–0.31 | 0.84 | 0.66–1.06 | |
Coal/charcoal | 1.08 | 0.84–1.39 | 1.42 | 0.82–2.46 | 0.61 | 0.48–0.79 | 0.67 | 0.28–1.59 | 0.80 | 0.66–0.97 | |
Wood | 1.68 | 1.37–2.05 | 0.86 | 0.65–1.14 | 0.91 | 0.73–1.13 | 0.10 | 0.65–1.53 | 1.14 | 0.97–1.33 | |
Agriculture/dung/shrubs/other | 1.81 | 1.06–3.09 | 1.24 | 0.57–2.73 | 1.30 | 1.01–1.67 | 1.01 | 0.33–3.12 | 1.65 | 1.30–2.09 | |
Mixed solid/liquid/gas/electricity | 1.55 | 1.15–2.07 | 1.46 | 0.94–2.27 | 1.08 | 0.79–1.49 | 0.91 | 0.69–1.20 | 1.31 | 1.09–1.56 | |
Mixed solid only | 1.99 | 1.50–2.65 | 4.08 | 1.55–10.75 | 1.14 | 0.58–2.25 | 1.06 | 0.20–5.73 | 1.59 | 1.12–2.25 | |
Mixed liquid/gas/electricity only | 1.17 | 0.73–1.87 | 2.12 | 1.13–3.98 | 0.73 | 0.50–1.07 | 0.59 | 0.41–0.86 | 0.94 | 0.69–1.28 | |
Household fuel used for cooking or heating (grouped) | Gas/electricity/kerosene | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Coal/charcoal/wood/agriculture/crop/shrub/grass | 1.83 | 1.52–2.21 | 0.96 | 0.73–1.25 | 0.88 | 0.74–1.05 | 1.14 | 0.77–1.70 | 1.15 | 1.01–1.31 | |
Mixed fuel use | 1.95 | 1.57–2.44 | 1.84 | 1.28–2.64 | 1.02 | 0.78–1.35 | 0.92 | 0.73–1.14 | 1.22 | 1.06–1.42 |
Characteristic | Pooled Sample | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Angina Diagnosed b | Angina Treated c | Rose d | |||||||||||
Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | ||||||||
OR a | (95% CI) a | OR a | (95% CI) a | OR a | (95% CI) a | OR a | (95% CI) a | OR a | (95% CI) a | OR a | (95% CI) a | ||
Household fuel used for cooking or heating | Gas | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Electricity | 0.53 | 0.38–0.76 | 0.54 | 0.39–0.75 | 0.75 | 0.52–1.09 | 0.59 | 0.43–0.81 | 0.80 | 0.53–1.20 | 0.64 | 0.45–0.92 | |
Kerosene | 0.85 | 0.56–1.30 | 0.62 | 0.40–0.97 | 0.80 | 0.52–1.22 | 0.57 | 0.40–0.83 | 0.93 | 0.65–1.32 | 1.13 | 0.82–1.56 | |
Coal/charcoal | 0.55 | 0.39–0.80 | 0.91 | 0.70–1.19 | 0.71 | 0.47–1.05 | 1.02 | 0.76–1.37 | 0.64 | 0.47–0.87 | 0.94 | 0.72–1.21 | |
Wood | 1.06 | 0.85–1.33 | 1.16 | 0.94–1.43 | 1.02 | 0.80–1.29 | 1.03 | 0.83–1.29 | 1.35 | 1.06–1.73 | 1.16 | 0.97–1.39 | |
Agriculture/dung/shrubs/other | 1.17 | 0.72–1.92 | 0.84 | 0.49–1.44 | 1.89 | 1.10–3.24 | 0.90 | 0.55–1.47 | 2.51 | 1.69–3.72 | 1.45 | 1.02–2.06 | |
Mixed solid/liquid/gas/electricity | 1.10 | 0.78–1.56 | 0.95 | 0.72–1.26 | 1.31 | 0.91–1.89 | 1.17 | 0.88–1.55 | 1.70 | 1.20–2.41 | 1.32 | 1.02–1.72 | |
Mixed solid only | 1.21 | 0.61–2.41 | 1.20 | 0.65–2.24 | 1.26 | 0.59–2.70 | 1.12 | 0.57–2.21 | 1.42 | 0.83–2.44 | 2.35 | 1.53–3.62 | |
Mixed liquid/gas/electricity only | 1.32 | 0.62–2.78 | 0.65 | 0.47–0.91 | 1.26 | 0.61–2.63 | 0.73 | 0.53–1.01 | 1.13 | 0.61–2.08 | 0.82 | 0.62–1.08 | |
Household fuel used for cooking or heating (grouped) | Gas/electricity/kerosene | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Coal/charcoal/wood/agriculture/crop/shrub/grass | 1.04 | 0.85–1.28 | 1.15 | 0.95–1.40 | 1.07 | 0.86–1.32 | 1.08 | 0.88–1.31 | 1.35 | 1.11–1.63 | 1.15 | 0.97–1.35 | |
Mixed fuel use | 1.24 | 0.87–1.78 | 0.89 | 0.71–1.12 | 1.33 | 0.94–1.88 | 1.04 | 0.83–1.30 | 1.49 | 1.11–2.01 | 1.22 | 1.01–1.47 |
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Tiwari, I.; Herr, R.M.; Loerbroks, A.; Yamamoto, S.S. Household Air Pollution and Angina Pectoris in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Cross-Sectional Evidence from the World Health Survey 2002–2003. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5802. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165802
Tiwari I, Herr RM, Loerbroks A, Yamamoto SS. Household Air Pollution and Angina Pectoris in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Cross-Sectional Evidence from the World Health Survey 2002–2003. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(16):5802. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165802
Chicago/Turabian StyleTiwari, Ishwar, Raphael M. Herr, Adrian Loerbroks, and Shelby S. Yamamoto. 2020. "Household Air Pollution and Angina Pectoris in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Cross-Sectional Evidence from the World Health Survey 2002–2003" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 16: 5802. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165802