Continuous Work Support Checklist for Female Healthcare Workers: Scale Development and Validation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Original Items for Scale Development
2.2. Participants
2.3. Questionnaire
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Short Summary
4.2. Interpretation of the Findings
4.3. Study Limitations
4.4. Implication
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total | Female (n = 584) | Male (n = 196) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
Age group | |||||||
21–29 | 282 | 37.5 | 242 | 44.6 | 40 | 19.0 | |
30–39 | 164 | 21.8 | 127 | 23.4 | 37 | 17.6 | |
40–49 | 170 | 22.6 | 119 | 22.0 | 51 | 24.3 | |
50–70 | 136 | 18.1 | 54 | 10.0 | 82 | 39.1 | |
Marital status | |||||||
Single * | 371 | 47.6 | 318 | 56.4 | 53 | 24.8 | |
Married | 408 | 52.4 | 246 | 43.6 | 161 | 75.2 | |
Presence of child | |||||||
None | 409 | 55.2 | 337 | 63.2 | 72 | 34.8 | |
1– | 332 | 44.8 | 196 | 36.8 | 135 | 65.2 | |
Elderly care | |||||||
Not involved | 716 | 92.1 | 516 | 92.0 | 199 | 92.6 | |
Yes | 61 | 7.9 | 45 | 8.0 | 16 | 7.4 | |
Occupation | |||||||
Doctor | 154 | 19.7 | 37 | 6.5 | 116 | 54.0 | |
Pharmacist | 50 | 6.4 | 32 | 5.7 | 18 | 8.4 | |
Nurse | 438 | 56.2 | 410 | 72.7 | 28 | 13.0 | |
Technician | 138 | 17.7 | 85 | 15.1 | 53 | 24.6 | |
Intention to leave | |||||||
No | 341 | 44.3 | 201 | 36.2 | 139 | 65.6 | |
Yes | 428 | 55.7 | 355 | 63.9 | 73 | 34.4 | |
mean | sd | mean | sd | mean | sd | ||
The workplace must meet the following conditions…. | |||||||
1) | An organization to support women | 4.10 | 0.89 | 4.09 | 0.86 | 4.11 | 0.98 |
2) | An external evaluation committee for women’s support | 3.92 | 0.88 | 3.94 | 0.84 | 3.87 | 0.99 |
3) | A highly fair and transparent hiring and promotion system | 4.12 | 0.84 | 4.11 | 0.81 | 4.13 | 0.92 |
4) | Active employment of women | 3.77 | 0.91 | 3.81 | 0.87 | 3.67 | 1.02 |
5) | Promotion of women to management positions | 3.71 | 0.90 | 3.74 | 0.87 | 3.62 | 0.97 |
6) | Active employment of women by focusing on job category or classification | 3.59 | 0.91 | 3.66 | 0.84 | 3.39 | 1.03 |
7) | Investigation of the ratio of women by field and job position | 3.79 | 0.88 | 3.80 | 0.83 | 3.76 | 1.01 |
8) | No meetings scheduled in the evening or at night | 4.19 | 0.96 | 4.30 | 0.89 | 3.91 | 1.06 |
9) | Encouraging men to take parental leave | 4.02 | 0.92 | 4.05 | 0.89 | 3.95 | 0.98 |
10) | Investigation of actual working hours by sex | 3.57 | 0.99 | 3.58 | 0.99 | 3.52 | 0.99 |
11) | Investigation of the actual tenure separated by sex | 3.58 | 0.97 | 3.59 | 0.97 | 3.56 | 0.99 |
12) | Investigation into the work-life balance | 4.12 | 0.86 | 4.16 | 0.83 | 4.00 | 0.95 |
13) | A room for women to rest | 3.66 | 1.03 | 3.70 | 0.99 | 3.56 | 1.12 |
14) | A multi-purpose restroom or nursing room | 4.18 | 0.83 | 4.18 | 0.82 | 4.20 | 0.86 |
15) | A playroom for kids | 4.01 | 0.89 | 4.02 | 0.89 | 3.97 | 0.90 |
16) | A childcare facility | 4.54 | 0.72 | 4.55 | 0.70 | 4.52 | 0.79 |
17) | A daycare for sick and recovering children | 4.49 | 0.75 | 4.50 | 0.74 | 4.45 | 0.77 |
18) | A flexible work schedule to support child-rearing | 4.46 | 0.75 | 4.51 | 0.72 | 4.34 | 0.83 |
19) | A flexible work schedule to support caregivers | 4.45 | 0.74 | 4.51 | 0.70 | 4.29 | 0.83 |
20) | Exemption from late-night shifts during pregnancy and child-rearing period | 4.48 | 0.75 | 4.53 | 0.72 | 4.34 | 0.81 |
21) | Performance evaluation that is not disadvantageous to career advancement | 4.31 | 0.80 | 4.34 | 0.78 | 4.23 | 0.84 |
22) | Harassment counseling service | 4.17 | 0.85 | 4.19 | 0.84 | 4.14 | 0.89 |
23) | Career consultation service | 4.01 | 0.86 | 4.04 | 0.85 | 3.96 | 0.90 |
24) | Work-life balance consultation service | 4.07 | 0.86 | 4.10 | 0.85 | 3.98 | 0.90 |
25) | Substitute staff for maternity leave | 4.30 | 0.84 | 4.33 | 0.83 | 4.25 | 0.84 |
26) | A mentor to support women | 3.79 | 0.83 | 3.81 | 0.78 | 3.74 | 0.94 |
27) | Role models in the workplace | 4.03 | 0.88 | 4.06 | 0.84 | 3.95 | 0.96 |
28) | A booklet for childcare and nursing care support | 3.56 | 0.94 | 3.59 | 0.93 | 3.48 | 0.97 |
29) | A network among women | 3.74 | 0.86 | 3.74 | 0.84 | 3.72 | 0.92 |
30) | Career events for junior and senior high school girls | 3.42 | 0.91 | 3.48 | 0.88 | 3.29 | 0.99 |
31) | Information to support women for all officials (homepage, mail, newspaper, bulletin, etc.) | 3.67 | 0.91 | 3.71 | 0.87 | 3.58 | 0.98 |
32) | A study group and exchange meeting about parenting and nursing care support | 3.70 | 0.85 | 3.71 | 0.81 | 3.66 | 0.96 |
33) | Raising awareness among men about support for child-rearing and nursing care | 4.02 | 0.84 | 4.04 | 0.82 | 3.96 | 0.89 |
34) | Raising management awareness about support for child-rearing or caregivers | 4.16 | 0.81 | 4.17 | 0.80 | 4.13 | 0.86 |
35) | Raising awareness about understanding of diversity (gender, disability, cultural differences, etc.) | 4.04 | 0.84 | 4.04 | 0.81 | 4.04 | 0.92 |
Total numbers that do not reach 780 indicates missing in the category level. | |||||||
* Single includes divorced and widowed. |
Factor 1 | Factor 2 | Factor 3 | Factor 4 | ||
Factor 1 “Support for child rearing and home care” α=0.90 | |||||
A flexible work schedule to support child rearing | 0.947 | 0.041 | –0.028 | –0.022 | |
A flexible work schedule to support caregivers | 0.846 | –0.041 | 0.018 | 0.089 | |
A child care facility | 0.742 | 0.045 | –0.001 | –0.047 | |
A day care for sick and recovering children | 0.729 | 0.012 | 0.006 | –0.013 | |
Exemption from late-night shifts during pregnancy and child-rearing period. | 0.622 | –0.018 | 0.063 | 0.136 | |
Factor 2 “Information dissemination” α = 0.90 | |||||
A network among women | 0.083 | 0.779 | 0.004 | –0.043 | |
Career events for junior and senior high school girls | –0.072 | 0.776 | 0.061 | 0.027 | |
A study group and exchange meeting about parenting and nursing care support | 0.063 | 0.770 | –0.037 | 0.051 | |
Information to support women for all officials (homepage, mail, newspaper, bulletin, etc.) | 0.051 | 0.751 | 0.065 | 0.039 | |
A booklet for childcare and nursing care support | –0.047 | 0.751 | 0.028 | 0.040 | |
Factor 3 “Active promotion of women workers to higher positions” α=0.92 | |||||
Promotion of women to management positions | 0.023 | –0.009 | 0.920 | –0.014 | |
Active employment of women | 0.035 | 0.044 | 0.828 | –0.003 | |
Active employment of women by focusing on job category or classification | –0.021 | 0.099 | 0.672 | 0.062 | |
Factor 4 “Consulting and counseling service” α=0.88 | |||||
Career consultation service | –0.020 | 0.071 | 0.020 | 0.902 | |
Harassment counseling service | 0.148 | 0.009 | 0.001 | 0.765 | |
Work-life balance consultation service | 0.066 | 0.087 | 0.028 | 0.756 | |
Factor correlation | |||||
Factor1 | 1.00 | ||||
Factor2 | 0.45 | 1.00 | |||
Factor3 | 0.42 | 0.56 | 1.00 | ||
Factor4 | 0.58 | 0.60 | 0.52 | 1.00 |
Factor 1 “Support for Child Rearing and Home Care” | Factor 2 “Information Dissemination” | Factor 3 “Active Promotion of Women Workers to Higher Positions” | Factor 4 “Consulting and Counseling Service” | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Upper Half | Lower Half | p | Upper Half | Lower Half | p | Upper Half | Lower Half | p | Upper Half | Lower Half | p | ||
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||||||
Sex | <0.001 | 0.528 | 0.073 | 0.211 | |||||||||
Male | 82(38) | 131(62) | 101(48) | 110(52) | 89(42) | 124(58) | 82(38) | 131(62) | |||||
Female | 294(53) | 264(47) | 252(45) | 304(55) | 272(49) | 283(51) | 243(43) | 316(57) | |||||
Age | 0.008 | 0.070 | 0.503 | 0.041 | |||||||||
21–29 | 118(43) | 159(57) | 120(44) | 155(56) | 128(47) | 147(53) | 100(36) | 178(64) | |||||
30–39 | 97(59) | 67(41) | 69(43) | 93(57) | 71(44) | 92(56) | 74(45) | 89(55) | |||||
40–49 | 85(50) | 85(50) | 83(49) | 87(51) | 82(48) | 88(52) | 83(49) | 87(51) | |||||
50–70 | 61(46) | 73(54) | 75(56) | 59(44) | 70(52) | 64(48) | 55(41) | 80(59) | |||||
Marital status | 0.002 | 0.305 | 0.836 | 0.609 | |||||||||
Single | 157(43) | 210(57) | 160(44) | 203(56) | 173(48) | 191(52) | 151(41) | 216(59) | |||||
Married | 219(54) | 185(46) | 193(48) | 211(52) | 189(47) | 215(53) | 174(43) | 231(57) | |||||
Children | 0.066 | 0.065 | 0.461 | 0.916 | |||||||||
None | 185(46) | 218(54) | 169(42) | 231(58) | 183(46) | 217(54) | 170(42) | 234(58) | |||||
1– | 174(53) | 156(47) | 162(49) | 168(51) | 160(48) | 170(52) | 138(42) | 193(58) | |||||
Children under 7 years old | <0.001 | 0.558 | 0.331 | 0.467 | |||||||||
None | 268(46) | 321(55) | 263(45) | 323(55) | 281(48) | 305(52) | 252(43) | 339(57) | |||||
1– | 92(63) | 53(37) | 69(48) | 76(52) | 63(43) | 82(57) | 57(39) | 88(61) | |||||
Elderly care | 0.199 | 0.143 | 0.072 | 0.065 | |||||||||
Not involved | 341(48) | 369(52) | 319(45) | 387(55) | 327(46) | 380(54) | 292(41) | 419(59) | |||||
Yes | 34(57) | 26(43) | 33(55) | 27(45) | 35(58) | 25(42) | 32(53) | 28(47) | |||||
Faculty | 0.429 | 0.030 | 0.471 | 0.817 | |||||||||
No | 229(51) | 219(49) | 202(45) | 244(55) | 221(49) | 227(51) | 192(43) | 257(57) | |||||
Yes | 96(48) | 105(52) | 109(55) | 91(46) | 93(46) | 108(54) | 84(42) | 117(58) |
Intention to Leave | Logistic Regression Analyses | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stepwise Multivariate Model | ||||||||||
(+) | (–) | Crude | Factor 1 “Support for Child Rearing and Home Care” | Factor 4 “Consulting and Counseling Service” | ||||||
n (%) | n (%) | p | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | ||
Factor 1 | 0.002 | 1.59 | 1.19–2.12 | 1.69 | 1.19–2.42 | – | – | |||
Upper half | 227(62) | 142(38) | ||||||||
Lower half | 198(50) | 197(50) | ||||||||
Factor 2 | 0.589 | 0.92 | 0.69–1.23 | – | – | – | – | |||
Upper half | 190(55) | 158(45) | ||||||||
Lower half | 233(57) | 179(43) | ||||||||
Factor 3 | 0.211 | 1.20 | 0.90–1.60 | – | – | – | – | |||
Upper half | 207(58) | 150(42) | ||||||||
Lower half | 216(53) | 188(47) | ||||||||
Factor 4 | 0.014 | 1.44 | 1.08–1.93 | – | – | 1.54 | 1.08–2.20 | |||
Upper half | 196(61) | 126(39) | ||||||||
Lower half | 230(52) | 213(48) | ||||||||
Sex | ||||||||||
Male | 73(34) | 139(66) | <0.001 | 1.00 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Female | 355(64) | 201(36) | 3.36 | 2.41–4.69 | 2.14 | 1.42–3.22 | 2.25 | 1.50–3.38 | ||
Age | <0.001 | |||||||||
50–70 | 44(32) | 92(68) | 1.00 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | |||
21–29 | 197(71) | 81(29) | 5.09 | 3.27–7.92 | 3.19 | 1.81–5.64 | 3.34 | 1.89–5.89 | ||
30–39 | 93(57) | 69(43) | 2.82 | 1.75–4.53 | 1.80 | 1.80–1.05 | 1.91 | 1.12–3.26 | ||
40–49 | 76(46) | 90(54) | 1.77 | 1.1–2.83 | 1.39 | 0.82–2.33 | 1.35 | 0.80–2.27 | ||
Marital status | <0.001 | |||||||||
Single | 246(67) | 122(33) | 1.00 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | |||
Married | 182(46) | 218(55) | 0.41 | 0.31–0.56 | 0.59 | 0.39–0.90 | 0.63 | 0.42–0.95 | ||
Children | <0.001 | – | – | – | – | |||||
None | 263(65) | 139(35) | 1.00 | |||||||
1– | 140(43) | 188(57) | 0.39 | 0.29–0.53 | ||||||
Children under 7 years old | 0.450 | – | – | – | – | |||||
None | 329(56) | 259(44) | 1.00 | |||||||
1– | 75(52) | 68(48) | 0.87 | 0.60–1.25 | ||||||
Elderly care | 0.813 | – | – | – | – | |||||
Not involved | 393(56) | 313(44) | 1.00 | |||||||
Yes | 33(54) | 28(46) | 0.94 | 0.56–1.59 | ||||||
Faculty | <0.001 | – | – | – | – | |||||
No | 284(64) | 162(36) | 1.00 | |||||||
Yes | 67(34) | 133(67) | 0.29 | 0.20–0.41 |
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Ono, M.; Nagasawa, T.; Ohkubo, T.; Tsuchiya, A.; Hiraike, H.; Okinaga, H.; Nomura, K. Continuous Work Support Checklist for Female Healthcare Workers: Scale Development and Validation. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5875. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165875
Ono M, Nagasawa T, Ohkubo T, Tsuchiya A, Hiraike H, Okinaga H, Nomura K. Continuous Work Support Checklist for Female Healthcare Workers: Scale Development and Validation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(16):5875. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165875
Chicago/Turabian StyleOno, Mariko, Toru Nagasawa, Takayoshi Ohkubo, Akiko Tsuchiya, Haruko Hiraike, Hiroko Okinaga, and Kyoko Nomura. 2020. "Continuous Work Support Checklist for Female Healthcare Workers: Scale Development and Validation" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 16: 5875. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165875
APA StyleOno, M., Nagasawa, T., Ohkubo, T., Tsuchiya, A., Hiraike, H., Okinaga, H., & Nomura, K. (2020). Continuous Work Support Checklist for Female Healthcare Workers: Scale Development and Validation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(16), 5875. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165875