Impact of Parents’ Knowledge about the Development of Self-Esteem in Adolescents and Their Parenting Practice on the Self-Esteem and Suicidal Behavior of Urban High School Students in Nepal
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design, Setting and Population
2.2. Data Collection and Analysis Procedure
2.3. Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations of This Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Total | Self-Esteem Level * | p-Value # | Suicidal Risk Behavior ** | p-Value # | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | % | Low (n = 172) | Normal-High (n = 403) | No (n = 510) | Yes (n = 65) | |||
Parents’ characteristics | ||||||||
Age | ||||||||
≤40 years old | 338 | 58.8 | 102 (30.2) | 236 (69.8) | n.s. | 299 (88.5) | 39 (11.5) | n.s. |
≥41 years old | 237 | 41.2 | 70 (29.5) | 167 (70.5) | 211 (89.0) | 26 (11.0) | ||
Mean ± SD (40.77 ± 6.31) | ||||||||
Relation with child | ||||||||
Father | 226 | 39.3 | 67 (29.6) | 159 (70.4) | n.s. | 200 (88.5) | 26 (11.5) | n.s. |
Mother | 349 | 60.7 | 105 (30.1) | 244 (69.9) | 310 (88.8) | 39 (11.2) | ||
Ethnicity | ||||||||
Brahmin/Chhetri | 215 | 37.4 | 60 (27.9) | 155 (72.1) | n.s. | 189 (87.9) | 26 (12.1) | n.s. |
Janajati | 293 | 50.9 | 91 (31.1) | 202 (68.9) | 260 (88.7) | 33 (11.3) | ||
Others | 67 | 11.7 | 21 (31.3) | 46 (68.7) | 61 (91.0) | 6 (9.0) | ||
Religion | ||||||||
Others | 102 | 17.7 | 30 (29.4) | 72 (70.6) | n.s. | 89 (87.3) | 13 (12.7) | n.s. |
Hindu | 473 | 82.3 | 142 (30.0) | 331 (70.0) | 421 (89.0) | 52 (11.0) | ||
Province/District | ||||||||
Province 3 Kathmandu | 261 | 45.4 | 88 (33.7) | 173 (66.3) | n.s. | 234 (89.7) | 27 (10.3) | n.s. |
Province 4 Kaski | 217 | 37.7 | 60 (27.6) | 157 (72.4) | 190 (87.6) | 27 (12.4) | ||
Province 5 Palpa | 97 | 16.9 | 24 (24.7) | 73 (75.3) | 86 (88.7) | 11 (11.3) | ||
Type of family | ||||||||
Single | 312 | 54.3 | 103 (33.0) | 209 (67.0) | n.s. | 274 (87.8) | 38 (12.2) | n.s. |
Joint | 263 | 45.7 | 69 (26.2) | 194 (73.8) | 236 (89.7) | 27 (10.3) | ||
Education level (n = 548) | ||||||||
Literate to secondary level | 262 | 47.8 | 83 (31.7) | 179 (68.3) | n.s. | 235 (89.7) | 27 (10.3) | n.s. |
Higher secondary and above | 286 | 52.2 | 81 (28.3) | 205 (71.7) | 249 (87.1) | 37 (12.9) | ||
Marital status | ||||||||
Separated/Widow/Widower | 56 | 9.7 | 19 (33.9) | 37 (66.1) | n.s. | 53 (94.6) | 3 (5.4) | n.s. |
Together | 519 | 90.3 | 153 (29.5) | 366 (70.5) | 457 (88.1) | 62 (11.9) | ||
Socio-economic status | ||||||||
Hardly Sufficient | 69 | 12.0 | 26 (37.7) | 43 (62.3) | 0.000 | 62 (89.9) | 7 (10.1) | n.s. |
Sufficient | 358 | 62.3 | 121 (33.8) | 237 (66.2) | 316 (88.3) | 42 (11.7) | ||
Surplus | 148 | 25.7 | 25 (16.9) | 123 (83.1) | 132 (89.2) | 16 (10.8) | ||
Adolescents’ characteristics | ||||||||
Age | ||||||||
13-15 years | 268 | 46.6 | 78 (29.1) | 190 (70.9) | n.s. | 238 (88.8) | 30 (11.2) | n.s. |
16-19 years | 307 | 53.4 | 94 (30.6) | 213 (69.4) | 272 (88.6) | 35 (11.4) | ||
Mean ± SD (15.69 ± 1.31 years) | ||||||||
Sex | ||||||||
Male | 252 | 43.8 | 62 (24.6) | 190 (75.4) | 0.014 | 234 (92.9) | 18 (7.1) | 0.005 |
Female | 323 | 56.2 | 110 (34.1) | 213 (65.9) | 276 (85.4) | 47 (14.6) | ||
Type of school | ||||||||
Government/Public | 365 | 63.5 | 119 (32.6) | 246 (67.4) | n.s. | 332 (91.0) | 33 (9.0) | 0.024 |
Private | 210 | 36.5 | 53 (25.2) | 157 (74.8) | 178 (84.8) | 32 (15.2) |
Parenting Practice (Communication, Support, Reinforcement, etc.) | Authoritarian Parenting | Authoritative Parenting | Indulgent Parenting | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||||||||
B | β | B | β | B | β | B | β | B | β | B | β | B | β | B | β | |
95% CI | 95% CI | 95% CI | 95% CI | 95% CI | 95% CI | 95% CI | 95% CI | |||||||||
Parent’s knowledge about the development of self-esteem in adolescents | 1.0 | 0.56 | 1.0 | 0.59 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.18 | 0.27 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.07 |
(0.85, 1.08) ** | (0.89, 1.11) ** | (−0.03, 0.06) | (−0.03, 0.07) | (0.13, 0.23) ** | (0.15, 0.25) ** | (−0.03, 0.08) | (−0.01, 0.10) |
Independent Variables | Self-Esteem Level of Adolescents | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted | Adjusted | ||||||||||||
Mean (SE) | B | β | t | P | LCI | UCI | B | β | t | P | LCI | UCI | |
Knowledge about the development of self-esteem in adolescents | 40.47 (0.23) | 0.051 | 0.073 | 1.745 | 0.082 | −0.006 | 0.108 | 0.053 | 0.075 | 1.784 | 0.075 | −0.005 | 0.111 |
Parenting practice (communication, support, reinforcement, etc.) | 70.36 (0.39) | 0.036 | 0.087 | 2.101 | 0.036 | 0.002 | 0.069 | 0.024 | 0.058 | 1.361 | 0.174 | −0.011 | 0.059 |
Authoritarian parenting | 13.12 (0.13) | −0.050 | −0.043 | −1.019 | 0.309 | −0.146 | 0.046 | −0.040 | −0.034 | −0.799 | 0.424 | −0.139 | 0.059 |
Authoritative parenting | 19.71 (0.15) | 0.125 | 0.121 | 2.923 | 0.004 | 0.041 | 0.208 | 0.098 | 0.093 | 2.213 | 0.027 | 0.011 | 0.186 |
Indulgent/Laissez-faire parenting | 12.26 (0.15) | −0.024 | −0.023 | −0.542 | 0.588 | −0.112 | 0.063 | −0.060 | −0.055 | −1.309 | 0.191 | −0.150 | 0.030 |
Independent Variables | Suicidal Risk Behavior of Adolescents | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||||||||
B | p | OR | LCI | UCI | B | p | OR | LCI | UCI | |
Parenting practice (communication, support, reinforcement, etc.) | −1.499 | 0.552 | 0.99 | 0.966 | 1.019 | −3.075 | 0.628 | 0.99 | 0.964 | 1.022 |
Authoritarian parenting | −2.922 | 0.113 | 1.1 | 0.985 | 1.155 | −4.621 | 0.041 | 1.1 | 1.004 | 1.194 |
Authoritative parenting | −0.910 | 0.069 | 0.94 | 0.884 | 1.005 | −2.482 | 0.136 | 0.95 | 0.885 | 1.017 |
Indulgent/Laissez-faire parenting | −1.674 | 0.377 | 0.97 | 0.903 | 1.040 | −3.569 | 0.897 | 0.99 | 0.922 | 1.074 |
Parental Background Variables | Authoritative Parenting Style | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | β | t | p | LCI | UCI | |
Parent’s age | −0.040 | −0.066 | −1.592 | n.s. | −0.089 | 0.009 |
Relation with child | ||||||
Father ref. | ||||||
Mother | −0.175 | −0.023 | −0.541 | n.s. | −0.812 | 0.461 |
Religion | ||||||
Others ref. | ||||||
Hindu | 0.430 | 0.043 | 1.038 | n.s. | −0.383 | 1.244 |
Ethnicity | ||||||
Brahmin/Chhetri | 0.267 | 0.034 | 0.816 | n.s. | −0.375 | 0.910 |
Janajati | −0.174 | −0.023 | −0.548 | n.s. | −0.796 | 0.448 |
Others | −0.186 | −0.016 | −0.377 | n.s. | −1.155 | 0.783 |
Family type | ||||||
Single ref. | ||||||
Joint | 0.445 | 0.059 | 1.403 | n.s. | −0.178 | 1.069 |
Educational level | ||||||
Secondary and below ref. | ||||||
Higher secondary and above | −0.143 | −0.019 | −0.450 | n.s. | −0.767 | 0.481 |
Mother’s occupation * | ||||||
Home-maker | 0.635 | 0.083 | 2.003 | 0.046 | 0.012 | 1.258 |
Father’s occupation | ||||||
Works at home/unemployed ref. | ||||||
Employed | 0.214 | 0.014 | 0.330 | n.s. | −1.057 | 1.484 |
Economic status * | ||||||
Hardly sufficient | −1.242 | −0.107 | −2.564 | 0.011 | −2.194 | −0.291 |
Sufficient | 0.211 | 0.027 | 0.646 | n.s. | −0.431 | 0.852 |
Surplus | 0.427 | 0.049 | 1.181 | n.s. | −0.283 | 1.138 |
Marital status | ||||||
Widow/widower/separated/divorced ref. | ||||||
Married and living together | 0.161 | 0.013 | 0.301 | n.s. | −0.888 | 1.210 |
Age of adolescent child | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.021 | n.s. | −0.234 | 0.239 |
Sex of child | ||||||
Male ref. | ||||||
Female | −0.151 | −0.020 | −0.475 | n.s. | −0.778 | 0.475 |
School district * | ||||||
Kathmandu | −0.618 | −0.081 | −1.948 | n.s. | −1.240 | 0.005 |
Kaski | −0.107 | −0.014 | −0.328 | n.s. | −0.749 | 0.534 |
Palpa | 1.271 | 0.126 | 3.030 | 0.003 | 0.447 | 2.095 |
School type | ||||||
Government/Public ref. | ||||||
Private | −0.626 | −0.080 | −1.910 | n.s. | −1.270 | 0.018 |
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Banstola, R.S.; Ogino, T.; Inoue, S. Impact of Parents’ Knowledge about the Development of Self-Esteem in Adolescents and Their Parenting Practice on the Self-Esteem and Suicidal Behavior of Urban High School Students in Nepal. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6039. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176039
Banstola RS, Ogino T, Inoue S. Impact of Parents’ Knowledge about the Development of Self-Esteem in Adolescents and Their Parenting Practice on the Self-Esteem and Suicidal Behavior of Urban High School Students in Nepal. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6039. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176039
Chicago/Turabian StyleBanstola, Ratna Shila, Tetsuya Ogino, and Sachiko Inoue. 2020. "Impact of Parents’ Knowledge about the Development of Self-Esteem in Adolescents and Their Parenting Practice on the Self-Esteem and Suicidal Behavior of Urban High School Students in Nepal" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6039. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176039