Family and School Context: Effects on the Mental Health of Brazilian Students
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Family Context
3.2. School Context
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sociodemographic Variables | Total | Prevalence: “Felt Lonely” | Prevalence: “Trouble Sleeping Due to Worries” | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | % | p | % | p | |
Region | |||||
South | 9.6 | 44.3 | >0.001 | 35.0 | >0.001 |
Southeast | 17.4 | 43.3 | 35.2 | ||
Center–West | 13.9 | 44.9 | 35.2 | ||
North | 23.5 | 45.8 | 37.7 | ||
Northeast | 35.6 | 44.8 | 36.9 | ||
City | |||||
Not a capital | 49.9 | 44.0 | >0.001 | 36.2 | 0.918 |
Capital | 50.1 | 45.4 | 36.2 | ||
School | |||||
Public | 79.5 | 44.3 | >0.001 | 36.2 | 0.860 |
Private | 20.5 | 46.2 | 36.3 | ||
Gender | |||||
Male | 48.2 | 32.7 | >0.001 | 26.7 | >0.001 |
Female | 51.8 | 55.9 | 45.1 | ||
Age | |||||
≤13 years | 16.9 | 43.5 | >0.001 | 32.9 | >0.001 |
14 years | 50.6 | 44.4 | 35.1 | ||
15 years | 20.4 | 45.2 | 38.5 | ||
≥16 years | 12.0 | 47.0 | 41.6 | ||
Mother’s education | |||||
Did not study | 7.2 | 47.6 | >0.001 | 41.8 | >0.001 |
Elementary school * | 31.6 | 45.8 | 37.3 | ||
High School * | 31.6 | 44.8 | 35.6 | ||
Higher Education * | 29.6 | 44.3 | 34.9 |
Family Context Variables | Total % | Felt Alone in the Last 12 Months | Trouble Sleeping Due to Worries | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prevalence (%) | PR (95% CI) | p | Prevalence (%) | PR (95% CI) | p | ||
Family Life | |||||||
Became hungry because there was not enough food at home (last 30 days) | |||||||
Never | 77.8 | 41.1 | 1 | >0.001 | 33.1 | 1 | >0.001 |
Rarely | 10.7 | 52.0 | 1.26 (1.24–1.29) | 39.6 | 1.20 (1.17–1.22) | ||
Sometimes | 8.9 | 62.0 | 1.51 (1.48–1.54) | 53.4 | 1.61 (1.58–1.65) | ||
Most of the time | 1.6 | 67.8 | 1.64 (1.59–1.71) | 57.9 | 1.74 (1.68–1.82) | ||
Always | 0.9 | 55.1 | 1.34 (1.26–1.42) | 49.9 | 1.51 (1.41–1.61) | ||
Had lunch or dinner with the family | |||||||
5 or more days per week | 72.7 | 40.2 | 1 | >0.001 | 32.7 | 1 | >0.001 |
1 to 4 days a week | 7.2 | 51.6 | 1.28 (1.25–1.32) | 40.5 | 1.24 (1.20–1.28) | ||
Rarely or never | 20.1 | 58.7 | 1.46 (1.44–1.48) | 47.3 | 1.48 (1.42–1.47) | ||
Parents or guardians understood your problems (last 30 days) | |||||||
Always | 27.4 | 30.4 | 1 | >0.001 | 28.7 | 1 | >0.001 |
Most of the time | 15.5 | 35.7 | 1.17 (1.14–1.21) | 29.9 | 1.04 (1.01–1.07) | ||
Sometimes | 22.5 | 46.7 | 1.54 (1.50–1.57) | 37.7 | 1.30 (1.27–1.34) | ||
Rarely | 16.6 | 55.4 | 1.82 (1.78–1.86) | 40.8 | 1.42 (1.39–1.46) | ||
Never | 17.9 | 62.2 | 2.05 (2.00–2.09) | 47.6 | 1.66 (1.62–1.70) | ||
Skipped classes or school without parents’ approval (last 30 days) | |||||||
None | 78.8 | 43.5 | 1 | >0.001 | 34.5 | 1 | >0.001 |
1 to 5 times | 19.0 | 48.5 | 1.12 (1.10–1.13) | 41.8 | 1.21 (1.19–1.23) | ||
6 or more times | 2.1 | 57.2 | 1.32 (1.27–1.37) | 51.3 | 1.49 (1.42–1.55) | ||
Parents or guardians have gone through your things without approval (last 30 days) | |||||||
Never | 47.1 | 39.5 | 1 | >0.001 | 31.4 | 1 | >0.001 |
Rarely | 21.9 | 45.2 | 1.15 (1.13–1.17) | 34.4 | 1.09 (1.07–1.12) | ||
Sometimes | 18.1 | 52.1 | 1.32 (1.30–1.34) | 43.8 | 1.39 (1.37–1.42) | ||
Most of the time | 5.3 | 53.7 | 1.36 (1.32–1.40) | 45.3 | 1.44 (1.40–1.49) | ||
Always | 7.5 | 52.3 | 1.33 (1.29–1.36) | 46.7 | 1.49 (1.45–1.53) | ||
Physically assaulted by an adult of the family (last 30 days) | |||||||
Never | 85.8 | 42.2 | 1 | >0.001 | 33.6 | 1 | >0.001 |
1 time | 6.5 | 59.9 | 1.42 (1.39–1.45) | 50.3 | 1.50 (1.46–1.53) | ||
2 or more times | 7.7 | 60.6 | 1.44 (1.41–1.47) | 53.3 | 1.58 (1.54–1.62) |
Family Context Variables | Felt Alone in the Last 12 Months | Trouble Sleeping Due to Worries | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
PR Adj (95% CI) | p | PR Adj (95% CI) | p | |
Became hungry because there was not enough food at home (last 30 days) | ||||
Never | 1 | >0.001 | 1 | >0.001 |
Rarely | 1.27 (1.25–1.30) | 1.21 (1.17–1.23) | ||
Sometimes | 1.46 (1.43–1.49) | 1.55 (1.52–1.59) | ||
Most of the time | 1.53 (1.47–1.59) | 1.60 (1.53–1.67) | ||
Always | 1.37 (1.28–1.46) | 1.48 (1.39–1.58) | ||
Had lunch or dinner with the family | ||||
5 or more days per week | 1 | >0.001 | 1 | >0.001 |
1 to 4 days a week | 1.25 (1.22–1.28) | 1.23 (1.19–1.26) | ||
Rarely or never | 1.39 (1.36–1.41) | 1.35 (1.32–1.37) | ||
Parents or guardians understood your problems (last 30 days) | ||||
Always | 1 | >0.001 | 1 | >0.001 |
Most of the time | 1.20 (1.16–1.23) | 1.06 (1.03–1.10) | ||
Sometimes | 1.54 (1.51–1.58) | 1.30 (1.27–1.33) | ||
Rarely | 1.79 (1.74–1.83) | 1.37 (1.34–1.41) | ||
Never | 2.02 (1.97–2.06) | 1.59 (1.55–1.63) | ||
Skipped classes or school without parents’ approval (last 30 days) | ||||
None | 1 | >0.001 | 1 | >0.001 |
1 to 5 times | 1.14 (1.12–1.16) | 1.22 (1.20–1.25) | ||
6 or more times | 1.34 (1.28–1.39) | 1.47 (1.41–1.53) | ||
Parents or guardians have gone through your things without approval (last 30 days) | ||||
Never | 1 | >0.001 | 1 | >0.001 |
Rarely | 1.14 (1.12–1.16) | 1.10 (1.08–1.13) | ||
Sometimes | 1.31 (1.28–1.33) | 1.39 (1.37–1.42) | ||
Most of the time | 1.37 (1.33–1.41) | 1.45 (1.41–1.42) | ||
Always | 1.30 (1.26–1.33) | 1.46 (1.42–1.49) | ||
Physical assault by an adult of the family (last 30 days) | ||||
Never | 1 | >0.001 | 1 | >0.001 |
1 time | 1.36 (1.33–1.39) | 1.43 (1.40–1.47) | ||
2 or more times | 1.43 (1.40–1.46) | 1.57 (1.53–1.60) |
School Context Variables | Total | Felt Alone in the Last 12 Months | Trouble Sleeping Due to Worries | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | Prevalence (%) | PR (95% CI) | p | Prevalence (%) | PR (95% CI) | p | |
School shift | |||||||
Morning (7 am to 11 am) | 61.6 | 44.6 | 1 | 0.059 | 35.2 | 1 | >0.001 |
Afternoon (1 pm to 5 pm) | 36.4 | 44.8 | 1.01 (0.99–1.02) | 37.8 | 1.05 (1.02–1.09) | ||
Night (6 pm to 10 pm) | 0.1 | 38.1 | 0.86 (0.65–1.12) | 55.4 | 2.68 (1.93–3.72) | ||
Full time (7 am to 5 pm) | 1.7 | 47.8 | 1.07 (1.02–1.13) | 39.5 | 1.13 (1.00–1.28) | ||
Between shifts (10 am to 2 pm) | 0.2 | 43.2 | 0.97 (0.82–1.15) | 30.9 | 0.91 (0.59–1.42) | ||
Schoolmates treated you well and/or were helpful (last 30 days) | |||||||
Always | 34.1 | 37.5 | 1 | >0.001 | 32.6 | 1 | >0.001 |
Most of the time | 28.6 | 46.3 | 1.23 (1.21–1.26) | 34.9 | 1.05 (1.00–1.10) | ||
Sometimes | 20.1 | 52.3 | 1.40 (1.37–1.42) | 41.6 | 1.25 (1.19–1.31) | ||
Rarely | 9.4 | 54.1 | 1.44 (1.41–1.48) | 42.1 | 1.67 (1.59–1.77) | ||
Never | 7.8 | 39.8 | 1.06 (1.03–1.09) | 36.1 | 1.31 (1.23–1.40) | ||
Intimidated or offended by schoolmates (last 30 days) | |||||||
Never | 55.8 | 37.6 | 1 | >0.001 | 30.8 | 1 | >0.001 |
Rarely | 22.0 | 47.5 | 1.26 (1.24–1.28) | 36.7 | 1.38 (1.32–1.44) | ||
Sometimes | 15.5 | 57.9 | 1.54 (1.51–1.56) | 47.9 | 1.73 (1.65–1.81) | ||
Most of the time | 3.7 | 64.4 | 1.71 (1.67–1.76) | 51 | 2.59 (2.42–2.76) | ||
Always | 3.0 | 64.2 | 1.71 (1.66–1.76) | 54.7 | 3.28 (3.08–3.49) | ||
Parents or guardians checked homework (last 30 days) | |||||||
Always | 19.8 | 35.1 | 1 | >0.001 | 32.6 | 1 | >0.001 |
Most of the time | 12.1 | 36.8 | 1.05 (1.02–1.08) | 31.6 | 0.95 (0.89–1.02) | ||
Sometimes | 22.8 | 42.9 | 1.22 (1.19–1.25) | 37.4 | 0.93 (0.87–0.98) | ||
Rarely | 19.5 | 47.9 | 1.37 (1.33–1.40) | 37.4 | 1.21 (1.15–1.28) | ||
Never | 25.8 | 55.1 | 1.57 (1.54–1.60) | 41.5 | 1.52 (1.44–1.59) | ||
The locality where your school is based was considered a risk area for violence (last 12 months) | |||||||
Never | 29.5 | 44.0 | 1 | 0.002 | 35.8 | 1 | 0.062 |
Rarely | 18.1 | 44.2 | 1.01 (0.98–1.03) | 36.3 | 1.01 (0.99–1.04) | ||
Sometimes | 27.2 | 45.1 | 1.03 (1.01–1.04) | 36 | 1.00 (0.98–1.03) | ||
Most of the time | 14.7 | 45.3 | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) | 37 | 1.03 (1.01–1.06) | ||
Throughout the period | 10.5 | 45.9 | 1.04 (1.02–1.07) | 36.8 | 1.03 (1.01–1.06) | ||
Skipped school due to not feeling safe (last 30 days) | |||||||
None | 91.3 | 43.6 | 1 | >0.001 | 34.5 | 1 | >0.001 |
1 to 2 days | 5.6 | 58.8 | 1.35 (1.32–1.38) | 54.6 | 1.58 (1.54–1.62) | ||
3 to 4 days | 1.7 | 55.5 | 1.27 (1.22–1.33) | 53 | 1.54(1.47–1.61) | ||
5 or more days | 1.5 | 52.7 | 1.21 (1.15–1.27) | 51.1 | 1.48 (1.40–1.56) |
School Context Variables | Felt Alone in the Last 12 Months | Trouble Sleeping Due to Worries | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
PR Adj (95% CI) | p | PR Adj (95% CI) | p | |
School shift | ||||
Morning (7 am to 11 am) | 1 | 0.780 | 1 | >0.001 |
Afternoon (1 pm to 5 pm) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 1.05 (1.04–1.07) | ||
Night (6 pm 10 pm) | 0.96 (0.72–1.27) | 1.61 (1.32–1.95) | ||
Full time (7 am to 7 pm) | 1.03 (0.98–1.09) | 1.10 (1.04–1.17) | ||
Between shifts (10 am to 2 pm) | 0.99 (0.83–1.18) | 0.86 (0.69–1.08) | ||
Schoolmates treated you well and/or were helpful (last 30 days) | ||||
Always | 1 | >0.001 | 1 | >0.001 |
Most of the time | 1.26 (1.24–1.29) | 1.10 (1.08–1.13) | ||
Sometimes | 1.45 (1.42–1.48) | 1.32 (1.29–1.34) | ||
Rarely | 1.49 (1.45–1.53) | 1.31 (1.27–1.34) | ||
Never | 1.15 (1.11–1.19) | 1.17 (1.13–1.20) | ||
Intimidated or offended by schoolmates (last 30 days) | ||||
Never | 1 | >0.001 | 1 | >0.001 |
Rarely | 1.27 (1.25–1.30) | 1.22 (1.20–1.25) | ||
Sometimes | 1.54 (1.51–1.57) | 1.56 (1.53–1.59) | ||
Most of the time | 1.75 (1.70–1.80) | 1.71 (1.65–1.76) | ||
Always | 1.75 (1.67–1.82) | 1.82 (1.76–1.88) | ||
Parents or guardians checked homework (last 30 days) | ||||
Always | 1 | >0.001 | 1 | >0.001 |
Most of the time | 1.09 (1.06–1.13) | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) | ||
Sometimes | 1.25 (1.21–1.28) | 1.09 (1.06–1.12) | ||
Rarely | 1.36 (1.32–1.39) | 1.14 (1.11–1.17) | ||
Never | 1.51 (1.47–1.55) | 1.22 (1.19–1.25) | ||
The locality where your school is based was considered a risk area for violence (last 12 months) | ||||
Never | 1 | >0.001 | 1 | 0.083 |
Rarely | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 1.02 (0.99–1.04) | ||
Sometimes | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) | 1.01 (0.99–1.05) | ||
Most of the time | 1.02 (1.01–1.05) | 1.04 (1.01–1.06) | ||
Throughout the period | 1.04 (1.01–1.07) | 1.03 (1.00–1.06) | ||
Skipped school due to not feeling safe (last 30 days) | ||||
None | 1 | >0.001 | 1 | >0.001 |
1 to 2 days | 1.32 (1.28–1.35) | 1.53 (1.49–1.56) | ||
3 to 4 days | 1.32 (1.26–1.39) | 1.58 (1.51–1.65) | ||
5 or more days | 1.30 (1.23–1.37) | 1.54 (1.46–1.62) |
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Escobar, D.F.S.S.; Jesus, T.F.d.; Noll, P.R.e.S.; Noll, M. Family and School Context: Effects on the Mental Health of Brazilian Students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6042. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176042
Escobar DFSS, Jesus TFd, Noll PReS, Noll M. Family and School Context: Effects on the Mental Health of Brazilian Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6042. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176042
Chicago/Turabian StyleEscobar, Daise Fernanda Santos Souza, Thais Ferreira de Jesus, Priscilla Rayanne e Silva Noll, and Matias Noll. 2020. "Family and School Context: Effects on the Mental Health of Brazilian Students" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6042. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176042