Physical Activity Habits and Well-Being among 6-Year-Old Children: The “Improving Umbrian Kids’ Healthy Lifestyle”, an Uncontrolled Pilot Study Project
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Procedure
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- A short training period for school managers, teachers and specialists about the anthropometric and performance values, supervised by C.U.R.I.A.Mo. experienced health technicians.
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- PA sessions (two hours per week) for all the children, included in the school curriculum by a special regional law [34], structured and supervised by specialists with Exercise and Sport Science degrees, based on Italian school Training Offer Plan (Piano Offerta Formativa (POF)) and educational activities within the motor-ludic strategy to promote the discovery of the feeling of fun through active games. Outside these two hours, the boys had no other physical activities scheduled during official school hours.
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- Four educational meetings (three hours each session, one meeting every two months) about healthy nutritional education, short food supply chains for promoting local food, and obesity determinants. These meeting were addressed to children and their parents.
2.2. Participants
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Anthropometric Measures
2.3.2. Physical Performance Measures
2.3.3. Self-Report Questionnaires Measures
2.4. Data Analysis
2.5. Sample Size Calculation
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Analysis at the Baseline (T0)
3.1.1. Anthropometric Measures
3.1.2. Physical Performance Measures
3.1.3. Self-Report Questionnaires Measures
3.2. Differences between before (T0) and after (T1) Intervention
3.2.1. Anthropometric Measures
3.2.2. Physical Performance Measures
3.2.3. Self-report Questionnaires Measures
4. Discussion
5. Limitiations
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gender | BMI Category | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | Girls | Boys vs. Girls | Normal Weight | Overweight | Obesity | NW vs. OW vs. OB | POST HOC | |||
Mn ± Sd | Mn ± Sd | t | p | Mn ± Sd | Mn ± Sd | Mn ± Sd | F (1.700), p, Partial η2 | |||
Anthropometric measures | ||||||||||
BMI (kg/m2) | 16.51 ± 2.28 | 16.41 ± 2.42 | 0.564 | 0.573 | 15.27 ± 1.23 | 17.86 ± 0.48 | 20.81 ± 2.12 | 797.05, <0.001, 0.69 | 1 < 2 < 3 | |
WC (cm) | 58.02 ± 5.91 | 57.75 ± 6.29 | 0.577 | 0.564 | 55.27 ± 3.95 | 60.98 ± 4.03 | 67.49 ± 6.19 | 349.47, <0.001, 0.50 | 1 < 2 < 3 | |
WHtR (cm/cm) | 0.48 ± 0.04 | 0.48 ± 0.05 | −0.74 | 0.941 | 0.46 ± 0.03 | 0.51 ± 0.04 | 0.55 ± 0.05 | 259.18, <0.001, 0.426 | 1 < 2 < 3 | |
Physical Performance measures | ||||||||||
SPEED (s) | 7.83 ± 1.02 | 8.30 ± 1.18 | −5.71 | <0.001 | 8.03 ± 1.09 | 8.08 ± 1.15 | 8.32 ± 1.28. | 2.55, 0.079, 0.007 | ||
FLEXIBILITY (cm) | −0.70 ± 6.49 | 2.02 ± 6.69 | −5.45 | <0.001 | 0.81 ± 6.55 | 1.29 ± 6.77 | −0.51 ± 7.49. | 2.05, 0.130, 0.006 | ||
STRENGTH (cm) | 15.06 ± 5.79 | 13.95 ± 5.14 | 2.70 | 0.007 | 14.58 ± 5.69 | 14.78 ± 5.03 | 13.51 ± 4.87 | 1.72, 0.180, 0.005 | ||
Self-report questionnaires measures | ||||||||||
Physical Activity Levels | ||||||||||
PAQ-C (points) | 2.69 ± 0.53 | 2.55 ± 0.52 | 3.56 | <0.001 | 2.64 ± 0.53 | 2.61 ± 0.52 | 2.50 ± 0.51 | 2.99, 0.05, 0.01 | 1 > 3 1 = 2 2 = 3 | |
Sedentary Habits | Boys % | Girls % | Boys vs. Girls | Normal weight % | Overweight % | Obesity % | NW vs. OW vs. OB | |||
χ2 | p | χ2 | p | |||||||
Inactivity during the week | ||||||||||
0 to 2 (hours per day) | 75.7 | 80.40 | 4.63 | 0.099 | 80 | 80.03 | 65.6 | |||
2 to 4 (hours per day) | 22.2 | 19.1 | 19 | 18 | 32.3 | 10.23 | 0.04 | |||
≥5 (hours per day) | 2.1 | 0.5 | 1 | 1.7 | 2.2 | |||||
Inactivity during the weekend | ||||||||||
0 to 2 (hours per day) | 60.7 | 62.8 | 0.314 | 0.855 | 63 | 66.4 | 49.5 | |||
2 to 4 (hours per day) | 35.6 | 33.9 | 34.1 | 31.1 | 42.9 | 10.43 | 0.03 | |||
≥5 (hours per day) | 3.6 | 3.3 | 2.9 | 2.5 | 7.7 | |||||
Boys | Girls | Boys vs. Girls | Normal weight | Overweight | Obesity | NW vs. OW vs. OB | ||||
Mn ± Sd | Mn ± Sd | t | p | Mn ± Sd | Mn ± Sd | Mn ± Sd | F (1.700), p, Partial η2 | |||
Well-Being | ||||||||||
Kid-Kindl TOT (points) | 80.03 ± 9.12 | 80.07 ± 9.34 | −0.046 | 0.963 | 80.31 ± 9.04 | 79.54 ± 9.40 | 79.36 ± 10.01 | 0.65, 0.525, 0.002 | ||
Kid-Kindl PHY (points) | 84.34 ± 14.65 | 84.45 ± 15.00 | −0.097 | 0.923 | 84.54 ± 14.68 | 83.54 ± 15.42 | 84.81 ± 14.93 | 0.26, 0.769, 0.001 | ||
Kid-Kindl EMO (points) | 82.22 ±12.71 | 82.08 ± 12.75 | −0.148 | 0.883 | 82.07 ± 12.66 | 83.18 ± 12.75 | 81.25 ± 13.07 | 0.64, 0.528, 0.002 | ||
Kid-Kindl SE (points) | 75.34 ± 16.97 | 73.32 ± 17.01 | 1.56 | 0.119 | 74.53 ± 16.94 | 74.20 ± 16.99 | 73.12 ± 17.53 | 0.27, 0.766, 0.001 | ||
Kid-Kindl FAM (points) | 78.90 ± 12.73 | 80.24 ± 11.82 | −1.44 | 0.149 | 80.13 ± 11.61 | 78.74 ± 13.09 | 77.93 ± 14.27 | 1.62, 0.199, 0.005 | ||
Kid-Kindl FRN (points) | 77.98 ± 13.81 | 78.63 ± 13.25 | −0.633 | 0.527 | 78.74 ± 12.94 | 77.68 ± 14.66 | 76.95 ± 14.86 | 0.85, 0.427, 0.002 | ||
Kid-Kindl SC (points) | 81.78 ± 15.57 | 82.47 ± 16.05 | −0.578 | 0.563 | 82.55 ± 15.32 | 80.35 ± 17.55 | 82.35 ± 15.97 | 0.96, 0.384, 0.003 |
T0 | T1 | Time T0 vs. T1 | Time *Gender | Time * BMI Category | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mn ± Sd | Mn ± Sd | F (1.700) | p | Partial η2 | F (1.700) | p | Partial η2 | F (2.700) | p | Partial η2 | |
Anthropometric measures | |||||||||||
BMI (kg/m2) | 16.46 ± 2.35 | 16.54 ± 2.37 | 3.32 | 0.069 | 0.005 | 0.388 | 0.534 | 0.001 | 5.65 | 0.004 | 0.02 |
WC (cm) | 57.88 ± 6.11 | 58.11 ± 6.08 | 3.31 | 0.069 | 0.005 | 0.075 | 0.784 | 0.001 | 3.73 | 0.024 | 0.01 |
WHtR (cm/cm) | 0.48 ± 0.05 | 0.47 ± 0.04 | 43.95 | <0.001 | 0.059 | 0.124 | 0.725 | 0.001 | 4.09 | 0.017 | 0.01 |
Physical Performance Measures | |||||||||||
SPEED (s) | 8.08 ± 1.13 | 7.56 ± 1.04 | 331.82 | <0.001 | 0.322 | 1.46 | 0.228 | 0.002 | 1.65 | 0.192 | 0.005 |
FLEXIBILITY (cm) | 0.72 ± 6.45 | 2.36 ± 6.22 | 58.92 | <0.001 | 0.078 | 3.42 | 0.065 | 0.005 | 0.05 | 0.947 | 0.000 |
STRENGTH (cm) | 14.48 ± 5.48 | 15.43 ± 5.39 | 25.10 | <.001 | 0.035 | 0.485 | 0.486 | 0.001 | 0.65 | 0.520 | 0.001 |
Physical Activity Levels | |||||||||||
PAQ-C (points) | 2.62 ± 0.55 | 2.76 ± 0.56 | 52.00 | <0.001 | 0.069 | 0.578 | 0.447 | 0.001 | 0.23 | 0.797 | 0.001 |
Well-Being | |||||||||||
Kid-Kindl TOT (points) | 80.05 ± 9.23 | 80.92 ± 8.62 | 3.22 | 0.073 | 0.005 | 0.891 | 0.345 | 0.001 | 0.24 | 0.789 | 0.001 |
Kid-Kindl PHY (points) | 84.40 ± 14.83 | 86.06 ± 13.80 | 4.48 | 0.028 | 0.010 | 0.658 | 0.417 | 0.001 | 0.01 | 0.998 | 0.000 |
Kid-Kindl EMO (points) | 82.15 ± 12.72 | 83.62 ±11.64 | 0.4.90 | 0.028 | 0.010 | 0.149 | 0.700 | 0.001 | 0.61 | 0.545 | 0.002 |
Kid-Kindl SE (points) | 74.29 ± 17.01 | 74.07 ± 16.32 | 0.090 | 0.764 | 0.000 | 2.26 | 0.133 | 0.003 | 0.58 | 0.559 | 0.002 |
Kid-Kindl FAM (points) | 79.60 ± 12.27 | 79.35 ± 12.02 | 0.180 | 0.671 | 0.000 | 0.781 | 0.377 | 0.001 | 1.08 | 0.341 | 0.003 |
Kid-Kindl FRN (points) | 78.32 ± 13.52 | 80.62 ± 12.06 | 11.28 | 0.001 | 0.016 | 0.020 | 0.887 | 0.001 | 0.24 | 0.783 | 0.001 |
Kid-Kindl SC (points) | 82.14 ± 15.82 | 81.97 ± 14.64 | 0.051 | 0.821 | 0.000 | 0.243 | 0.622 | 0.001 | 0.49 | 0.614 | 0.001 |
Sedentary Habits Inactivity during the Week | T0 % | T1 % | T0 vs. T1 | Inactivity during the Weekend | T0 % | T1 % | T0 vs. T1 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
χ2 | p | χ2 | p | ||||||
Total Sample | |||||||||
0 to 2 (hours per day) | 78.2 | 78.9 | 117.02 | <0.001 | 0 to 2 (hours per day) | 61.6 | 65.7 | ||
2 to 4 (hours per day) | 20.5 | 19.1 | 2 to 4 (hours per day) | 34.9 | 31.8 | 153.87 | <0.001 | ||
≥5 (hours per day) | 1.3 | 2.0 | ≥5 (hours per day) | 3.5 | 2.7 | ||||
NW Category | |||||||||
0 to 2 (hours per day) | 80 | 80.2 | 76.98 | <0.001 | 0 to 2 (hours per day) | 63 | 67.7 | ||
2 to 4 (hours per day) | 19 | 17.8 | 2 to 4 (hours per day) | 34.1 | 30.6 | 80.11 | <0.001 | ||
≥5 (hours per day) | 1 | 2.1 | ≥5 (hours per day) | 2.9 | 1.7 | ||||
OW Category | |||||||||
0 to 2 (hours per day) | 80.3 | 87 | 19.67 | <0.001 | 0 to 2 (hours per day) | 66.4 | 65 | ||
2 to 4 (hours per day) | 18 | 12.2 | 2 to 4 (hours per day) | 31.1 | 32.5 | 23.07 | <0.001 | ||
≥5 (hours per day) | 1.6 | 0.8 | ≥5 (hours per day) | 2.5 | 2.5 | ||||
OB Category | |||||||||
0 to 2 (hours per day) | 65.6 | 62 | 31.46 | <0.001 | 0 to 2 (hours per day) | 49.5 | 54.8 | ||
2 to 4 (hours per day) | 32.3 | 34.8 | 2 to 4 (hours per day) | 42.9 | 36.6 | 37.07 | <0.001 | ||
≥5 (hours per day) | 2.2 | 3.3 | ≥5 (hours per day) | 7.7 | 8.6 |
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Pippi, R.; Buratta, L.; Germani, A.; Fanelli, C.G.; Mazzeschi, C. Physical Activity Habits and Well-Being among 6-Year-Old Children: The “Improving Umbrian Kids’ Healthy Lifestyle”, an Uncontrolled Pilot Study Project. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6067. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176067
Pippi R, Buratta L, Germani A, Fanelli CG, Mazzeschi C. Physical Activity Habits and Well-Being among 6-Year-Old Children: The “Improving Umbrian Kids’ Healthy Lifestyle”, an Uncontrolled Pilot Study Project. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6067. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176067
Chicago/Turabian StylePippi, Roberto, Livia Buratta, Alessandro Germani, Carmine Giuseppe Fanelli, and Claudia Mazzeschi. 2020. "Physical Activity Habits and Well-Being among 6-Year-Old Children: The “Improving Umbrian Kids’ Healthy Lifestyle”, an Uncontrolled Pilot Study Project" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6067. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176067