Exposure to ZnO/TiO2 Nanoparticles Affects Health Outcomes in Cosmetics Salesclerks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sunscreen Selection and Analysis
2.2. Sample Preparation for sp-ICP-MS Analysis
2.3. sp-ICP-MS Method
2.4. Recruiting Participants
2.5. Sample Collection
2.6. Daily Exposure Dose and Cumulative Risk Calculation
2.7. Determining 8-Hydroxy-2′-Deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Size and Concentration of TiO2 and ZnO NPs in Sunscreens
3.2. Study Population
3.3. Urinary 8-OHdG Analysis in Nanocosmetics Salesclerks
4. Discussion
4.1. Findings
4.2. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
NPs | nanoparticles |
TiO2 | titanium dioxide |
ZnO | zinc oxide |
8-OHdG | 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosin |
UV | ultraviolet |
sp-ICP-MS | single-particle inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry |
ELISA | enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay |
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Sample ID | SPF | Geo-Mean Size (nm) | TiO2 # Concentration (#/g Product) | Mode Size (nm) | Fraction of Nanosized TiO2 1 (%) | TiO2 Weight Percentage 2 (%) | TiO2 Labeling |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
#001 | 50+ | 98.8 | 6.04 × 109 | 55.6 | 64 | 0.01 | No |
#002 | 30 | 85.2 | 1.13 × 1013 | 62.3 | 77 | 3.17 | Yes |
#003 | 40 | 75.1 | 2.00 × 1013 | 60.3 | 91 | 2.40 | Yes |
#004 | 0 | 268.3 | 4.91 × 1012 | 111.0 | 0 | 30.07 | Yes |
#005 | 50+ | 91.8 | 1.50 × 1012 | 61.3 | 66 | 0.62 | Yes |
#006 | 15 | 72.8 | 1.02 × 1012 | 53.7 | 86 | 0.16 | Yes (1.23%) |
#007 | 50+ | 71.8 | 1.25 × 1011 | 52.7 | 84 | 0.03 | No |
#008 | 50 | 74.6 | 7.86 × 1011 | 58.0 | 85 | 0.10 | Yes |
#009 | 50 | 75.6 | 1.06 × 1011 | 52.8 | 80 | 0.03 | Yes |
#010 | 19 | 71.4 | 2.23 × 1012 | 54.0 | 89 | 0.55 | Yes |
#011 | 50+ | 86.9 | 2.15 × 1011 | 65.6 | 78 | 0.06 | Yes |
#012 | 50 | 81.8 | 7.00 × 1012 | 66.0 | 85 | 1.23 | Yes |
#013 | 50+ | 101.5 | 1.83 × 107 | 66.9 | 65 | 0.00 | No |
#014 | 50 | 79.6 | 7.34 × 1012 | 63.2 | 85 | 1.23 | Yes |
#015 | 15 | 107.8 | 2.54 × 1012 | 63.7 | 57 | 2.84 | Yes |
#016 | 50 | 94.1 | 8.39 × 1012 | 56.6 | 61 | 3.06 | Yes |
#017 | 24 | 82.2 | 1.76 × 1012 | 62.6 | 80 | 0.37 | Yes |
#018 | 50+ | 106.4 | 3.60 × 1010 | 64.1 | 54 | 0.03 | No |
#019 | 20 | 74.3 | 5.09 × 1012 | 56.1 | 87 | 1.21 | Yes |
#020 | 25 | 112.0 | 1.14 × 1012 | 68.0 | 50 | 1.24 | Yes |
Sample ID | SPF | Geo-Mean Size (Nm) | Zno # Concentration (#/G Product) | Mode Size (Nm) | Fraction of Nanosized Zno 1 (%) | Zno Weight Percentage 2 (%) | Zno Labelled Labeling |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
#001 | 50+ | 57.7 | 3.66 × 107 | 51.6 | 95 | 0.00 | No |
#002 | 30 | 102.3 | 4.51 × 1011 | 83.0 | 53 | 0.22 | No |
#003 | 40 | 66.2 | 2.22 × 107 | 67.1 | 94 | 0.00 | No |
#004 | 0 | 61.7 | 1.64 × 108 | 62.4 | 100 | 0.00 | No |
#005 | 50+ | 98.2 | 2.36 × 1012 | 72.1 | 30 | 1.72 | Yes (12.53%) |
#006 | 15 | 69.7 | 4.29 × 107 | 59.4 | 88 | 0.00 | No |
#007 | 50+ | 136.0 | 9.19 × 1012 | 91.5 | 21 | 9.14 | Yes (9.45%) |
#008 | 50 | 55.6 | 1.72 × 108 | 48.5 | 98 | 0.00 | No |
#009 | 50 | 67.0 | 1.37 × 107 | 50.2 | 89 | 0.00 | No |
#010 | 19 | 65.2 | 5.42 × 107 | 55.3 | 93 | 0.00 | No |
#011 | 50+ | 101.0 | 6.16 × 1011 | 96.1 | 39 | 0.37 | Yes (7.36%) |
#012 | 50 | 99.1 | 1.27 × 107 | 80.5 | 60 | 0.00 | No |
#013 | 50+ | 144.4 | 6.98 × 1011 | 103.3 | 16 | 1.22 | Yes (9.59%) |
#014 | 50 | 92.2 | 1.68 × 108 | 59.0 | 69 | 0.00 | No |
#015 | 15 | 67.7 | 1.51 × 109 | 57.3 | 97 | 0.00 | No |
#016 | 50 | 88.7 | 1.51 × 108 | 73.4 | 79 | 0.00 | No |
#017 | 24 | 96.0 | 1.48 × 108 | 78.9 | 74 | 0.00 | No |
#018 | 50+ | 91.6 | 3.02 × 106 | 60.2 | 62 | 0.00 | No |
#019 | 20 | 77.7 | 1.32 × 108 | 72.4 | 86 | 0.00 | No |
#020 | 25 | 106.3 | 4.34 × 1012 | 76.4 | 42 | 2.47 | No |
Cosmetics Salesclerks (n = 40) | Clothing Salesclerks (n = 24) | pa,b | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) c | 27.3 (20–47) | 42.2 (23–54) | <0.001 |
Weight (kg) d | 54.4 (6.56) | 60.6 (10.1) | 0.004 |
Height (cm) d | 161.8 (5.27) | 161.5 (6.62) | 0.812 |
BMI | 20.7 (2.0) | 23.2 (3.28) | <0.001 |
Marital status e | |||
Unmarried/Divorced | 29 (72.5) | 11 (45.9) | 0.033 |
Married | 11 (27.5) | 13 (54.2) | |
Educational level | |||
High school | 15 (37.5) | 17 (70.9) | 0.069 |
Tech school | 4 (10.0) | 2 (8.3) | |
Bachelor’s degree | 21 (52.5) | 5 (20.8) | |
Monthly income (NT$) | |||
<24,999 | 11 (27.5) | 9 (37.5) | 0.048 |
25,000~29,999 | 5 (12.5) | 9 (37.5) | |
30,000~34,999 | 15 (37.5) | 5 (20.8) | |
35,000~39,999 | 5 (12.5) | 1 (4.2) | |
40,000~44,999 | 4 (10.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Seniority (years) | 4.72 (5.70) | 11.9 (7.70) | <0.001 |
Working time (day/month) | 20.5 (2.80) | 21.3 (2.63) | 0.262 |
Weekday working time (h/day) | 8.59 (0.53) | 7.96 (2.13) | 0.078 |
Weekend working time (h/day) | 8.70 (0.71) | 8.52 (2.03) | 0.611 |
Exposed to Tobacco Smoke Exposure | |||
Active | 7 (17.5) | 2 (8.3) | 0.264 |
passive | 13 (32.5) | 10 (41.7) | 0.317 |
Alcohol drinker f | 5 (12.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.086 |
Tea drinker f | 26 (65.0) | 13 (54.2) | 0.275 |
Coffee drinker f | 15 (37.5) | 14 (58.3) | 0.087 |
Exposure Index b | ZnO NPs | TiO2 NPs | ZnO and TiO2 NPs |
---|---|---|---|
Urinary 8-OHdG (ng/mL) c | β = −0.047 (−0.272, 0.177) | β = 0.383 ** (0.176, 0.589) | β = 0.308 ** (0.106, 0.510) |
Urinary 8-OHdG (μg/g creatinine) c | β = −0.087 (−0.600, 0.426) | β = 0.649 ** (0.167, 1.131) | β = 0.486 * (0.017, 0.954) |
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Share and Cite
Lee, C.-C.; Lin, Y.-H.; Hou, W.-C.; Li, M.-H.; Chang, J.-W. Exposure to ZnO/TiO2 Nanoparticles Affects Health Outcomes in Cosmetics Salesclerks. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6088. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176088
Lee C-C, Lin Y-H, Hou W-C, Li M-H, Chang J-W. Exposure to ZnO/TiO2 Nanoparticles Affects Health Outcomes in Cosmetics Salesclerks. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6088. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176088
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Ching-Chang, Yi-Hsin Lin, Wen-Che Hou, Meng-Han Li, and Jung-Wei Chang. 2020. "Exposure to ZnO/TiO2 Nanoparticles Affects Health Outcomes in Cosmetics Salesclerks" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6088. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176088